Is the Integration Domain Translation Equation Correct for Continuous Functions?

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the validity of the integration domain translation equation for continuous functions in three-dimensional space. Specifically, it examines the equation \[ \int\limits_{B(x_0 + \alpha n, r)} d^3x\; f(x) \;=\; \int\limits_{B(x_0, r)} d^3x\; f(x) \;+\; \frac{\alpha}{r} \int\limits_{\partial B(x_0,r)} d^2x\; ((x-x_0)\cdot n) f(x) \;+\; O(\alpha^2) \] for a continuous function \( f:\mathbb{R}^3\to\mathbb{R} \), where \( x_0 \) is a fixed point, \( r \) is a fixed radius, and \( n \) is a unit vector. The author expresses uncertainty about the rigor of this equation and its implications for boundary conditions in integration. They also mention encountering discrepancies in coefficients during calculations, indicating potential errors in their understanding or application of the equation.

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If f:\mathbb{R}^3\to\mathbb{R} is a continuous function, x_0\in\mathbb{R}^3 a fixed point, r>0 a fixed radius, and n\in\mathbb{R}^3 a fixed vector satisfying |n|=1, then is the equation

<br /> \int\limits_{B(x_0 + \alpha n, r)} d^3x\; f(x) \;=\; \int\limits_{B(x_0, r)} d^3x\; f(x) \;+\; \frac{\alpha}{r} \int\limits_{\partial B(x_0,r)} d^2x\; ((x-x_0)\cdot n) f(x) \;+\; O(\alpha^2),\quad\quad\alpha\in\mathbb{R}<br />

true? I convinced myself of this somehow, but I'm still feeling unsure. I don't know how to deal with equations like this rigorously. There are other problems of similar nature, where the integration domain is changed a little bit, and then it is somehow possible to write the change as a functional of the restriction of the integrand onto the boundary.

The B notation means the ball

<br /> B(x_0,r) = \{x\in\mathbb{R}^3\;|\;|x-x_0|&lt;r\},<br />

and \partial is the boundary,

<br /> \partial B(x_0,r) = \{x\in\mathbb{R}^3\;|\;|x-x_0|=r\}.<br />
 
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Later in my calculations I encountered a situation where some factor, that was supposed to be 1, was 3/2. I cannot yet know where the mistake is, but this formula could be one potential place for it.
 
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