What could be causing discrepancies in my derived formula for max. LOS range?

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on deriving the Line of Sight (LOS) maximum range formula for a tower based on its height. The user initially derived the formula as l = R*cos-1(R/R+h), where R is the Earth's radius and h is the tower height. However, discrepancies arose when comparing calculated values to those in a textbook. The issue was identified as a potential misconfiguration of the calculator, specifically being set to "degrees mode" instead of "radians mode," which affects trigonometric calculations.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of trigonometry, particularly the cosine function and inverse cosine.
  • Familiarity with the concept of Line of Sight (LOS) in communication systems.
  • Basic knowledge of Earth's geometry, including radius and tangential lines.
  • Experience with calculator settings, specifically switching between degrees and radians.
NEXT STEPS
  • Review the derivation of the LOS formula in communication systems textbooks.
  • Learn about the small angle approximation in trigonometry.
  • Explore the implications of calculator settings on trigonometric calculations.
  • Investigate common errors in deriving formulas related to geometric optics.
USEFUL FOR

Physics students, communication system engineers, and anyone involved in deriving or applying formulas related to Line of Sight calculations in telecommunications.

Rex Galilae
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I went through my Physics textbook where we have a chapter on Communication systems. There's a certain section where they show us the formula for the LOS max. range for a tower with a given height (say h) but I, unsatisfied with it, set out to derive it myself at home and wasn't convinced with the results.
LOS.jpg

First off, I assumed that the max. LOS range can be thought of as the length of the arc subtended by the tower and the point of max range at the center of the Earth. If we draw a line from the top of the tower to the max. range point, it hits the surface of Earth tangentially.
Connect the base of the tower and the max. range point to the center of the Earth and we get a right triangle (since the line is tangential to the surface of Earth). Using trigonometry, we find out that the angle subtended at the center (θ) by these two points (green) can be expressed as cos-1(R/R+h) where R is the Radius of the Earth.
Now that we have the angle, it's easy to calculate the length of the arc (i.e. the distance b/w the tower and the point of max. range) by using this simple formula which is l = R*θ.
This gives us that l = R*cos-1(R/R+h).

(You can use the small angle approximation to refine the formula a bit)
But then, when I used this formula to calculate LOS max. range problems from the book, my answers were a long way off their values. I'm doubting that something is wrong with my first assumption. Pls. help!
 
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Hi Rex:

What you show looks OK to me. Can you post an example of the book's value together with your corresponding calue?

Regards,
Buzz
 
I bet your calculator is set to "degrees mode" instead of "radians mode".
 

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