What Determines the Constant Speed of Light?

[chroot]

Listen, DrMatrix. You've gone on and on for pages now, seemingly convinced that you're teaching us something. You're not. Many of us know a lot more about GR than you do. We all know that it takes an infinite time for anything (even light) to cross an event horizon, as seen by an outside observer. We all know that light orbits at 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius. Duh.

Now, realize this: when someone says the speed of light is a constant, c they mean the speed of light, when passing through my measurement aparatus, is a constant, c. Physicists don't deal much with things they can't measure, and measurement is synonymous with reality for us.

You can't measure the speed of light at an event horizon. Why not? Because time stops there. You can take an apparatus down there to the event horizon, and measure light there. It doesn't even matter if the apparatus works or not, because you won't ever be able to communicate any results to anyone outside. Time has stopped for you. You are in a singular environment. If either you can't make the measurement, or you can't tell anyone else what the result of that measurement was, the measurement is moot. It doesn't matter to any of us.

No one cares about someone saying "well, from my perspective, over here, it looks like light over there is not going c!" because that is not how we define measurements, and that is not what "light always goes c" means.

You're arguing semantics. No one cares.

- Warren

 

[Integral]

Dr Matrix,

If that were the case then would we not observe the variance of c? We do not live in flat space. Space around us is curved as described by GR. The fact is we DO NOT LIVE in the idealized world of SR, yet we measure a constant c. If what you say was true, then there would be no such thing as a constant c. It would not be predicted theoretically nor observed experimentally.

While not every photon which enters a black hole ends up orbiting, it is a possible path. Most of the analysis I have seen has dealt with photons ENTERING a BH, I am not certain how we can meaningfully speak of photon which originate inside the BH? What physics do we have which allows this? Since I do not have your source in front of me (Nutshell has not made it to our pathetic library yet!) I really am uncomfortable drawing any conclusions.

I will say that I am uncomfortable with discontinuous geodesics. That is what you are describing,can a photon reach the end of a geodesic? Not at all clear to me. Consider that over time photons would accumulate at this point, what does this imply for conservation of energy?

Lots of questions, few meaningful answers.

Chroot, do you suppose I should take the time to sort some of these GR questions to a separate thread and move it to the GR forum, perhaps Nedrid can provide better answers.

 

[DrMatrix]

Physicists don't deal much with things they can't measure, and measurement is synonymous with reality for us.

You can't measure the event horizon. You certainly can't measure the singularity. Are you trying to say they are not real to you? The question of the existence of non-observables is getting away from science and into philosophy though. And I'm not sure we want to go there.

The event horizon is just the extreme where gravity causes light to stop. Gravity (acceleration) affects the speed of light and this can be measured (Although not, as you pointed out, at the horizon). John Baez said: "f you measure the speed of light in an accelerating reference frame, the answer will, in general, differ from c." There is your measurable.

Integral,

Of course, I understand your reluctance to draw conclusions based upon my quotes without the source to give you proper context. (You could ask the librarian about a inter-branch or inter-library loan. I've had to do that here. Don't get me started!)

I don't think photons accumulate at the horizon. Hovering is unstable (not sure about this though).

 

[DrMatrix]

If that were the case then would we not observe the variance of c? We do not live in flat space. Space around us is curved as described by GR. The fact is we DO NOT LIVE in the idealized world of SR, yet we measure a constant c. If what you say was true, then there would be no such thing as a constant c. It would not be predicted theoretically nor observed experimentally.

I'm not ignoring this. You make an excellent point here. I don't have the answer. [wild guess] Perhaps the gravity's effect is within the margin for error. [/wild guess]

 

[Integral]

Einstein was able to predict and Eddingion was able to measure the angle of deflection of light passing near the sun, why do we not have any predictions for the variation of the speed of light under any circumstances?

Why is it that Joao Miguliao (sp) (The Oxford physicist who has proposed the VSL theories) had colleagues who did not want to be associated with the VSL theories in spite of hours of hard work? A Variable speed of light is simply not part of accepted modern physical theory. The people who have proposed the theories have had a very hard time getting their work published in refereed journals simply because such considerations are in the realm of crackpots and not considered serious physics.

There is an effort being made to explore the implications of a Variable speed of light. I referred you to a lay person presentation of this work up thread. If you search on the correct spelling of the Joao Migualio you should be able to find more information.

 

[David]

why do we not have any predictions for the variation of the speed of light under any circumstances?

Shapiro showed that the speed of light slows down when it passes through the strong gravity field near the sun.

The trick to the “speed of light” measurement thing is that the oscillation rates of atoms slow down where light speed slows down, so atomic clocks slow down where light speed slows down, so the clocks always “measure” the speed of light to be “c” at themselves. But the actual speed of light through space in general does change as it passes in and out of strong gravity fields. This is the basic principle explained in Einstein’s 1911 gravitational redshift theory, which eventually became part of the GR theory.

 

[Integral]

Shapiro showed that the speed of light slows down when it passes through the strong gravity field near the sun.

The trick to the “speed of light” measurement thing is that the oscillation rates of atoms slow down where light speed slows down, so atomic clocks slow down where light speed slows down, so the clocks always “measure” the speed of light to be “c” at themselves. But the actual speed of light through space in general does change as it passes in and out of strong gravity fields. This is the basic principle explained in Einstein’s 1911 gravitational redshift theory, which eventually became part of the GR theory.

We have been here already. Einstein says, and means Velocity, the direction of light changes in gravitiational fields. The speed does not.

 

[David]

The speed of light was first recognized as a constant by Clerk Maxwell after he cast the fundamental equations of electromagnetism in the form of a wave equation. The term

\frac 1 { \sqrt {\epsilon_0 \mu_0}}

appeared as the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves. When he computed this constant the value was the same as the then experimental value for the speed of light.

Where were those electrodynamics experiments of the 19th Century conducted? On the surface of the earth. Thus, Maxwell’s equations tend to be a little geocentrically oriented.

 

[Integral]

There is other, more universal, evidence of the constancy of c.

 

[David]

Einstein says,

Shapiro measured it and said the return signals were delayed because they slowed down when they passed the sun. This is the 21st Century. It’s time to move ahead and not get stuck in the past. Anyway, in the 1911 theory, Einstein used c1 and c2 for the two different speeds of light passing near the sun, at different distances from the sun’s center.

 

[David]

There is other, more universal, evidence of the constancy of c.

The speed of light can’t be always “constant” everywhere relative to all systems. That’s impossible, just as the speed of sound can’t always be “constant” everywhere relative to all systems. You are just going to have to realize some day that the original 1905 constancy postulate was just flat out wrong.

Remember, it was proposed in the days when Einstein thought the fastest objects moving in the universe were the planets, he thought the stars were “fixed”, he didn’t know the universe was expanding, and that was before he realized that strong gravity fields slow down the speed of light. He didn’t figure that out until 1911.

When the Earth is moving toward a star that is fixed relative to the sun, we see a blueshift in the star’s light, and we see a redshift in the light coming from stars that are in the opposite direction. That indicates that the speed of light is controlled in our solar system by something inside the space of our solar system, and it indicates that we are moving toward the blueshifted light at the additive velocity of c + v and the redshifted light is moving toward us at the subtractive velocity of c – v, with v being our speed around the sun.

If you study the Doppler Effects, you will find that Doppler predicted this redshift and blueshift in 1843, and you will also learn that there are two main causes for these kinds of redshifts and blueshifts. One is a physical lengthening and shortening of waves (wavelengths) in space, and the other is caused by a less rapid and more rapid encountering of the waves. Study the Doppler Effects regarding sound and you’ll see what I’m talking about.

The redshifts and blueshifts due to the earth’s motion around the sun are due to subtractive and additive light-speed effects. This is common Doppler theory, it was well thought-out, explained, and predicted more than 160 years ago. When spectroscopes were adapted to telescopes, they proved the classical Doppler theory to be correct.

 

[David]

There is other

Here, read Dr. Su’s paper, “Quantum Electromagnetics – A Local-Ether Wave Equation Unifying Quantum Mechanics, Electromagnetics, and Gravitation,” and he’ll explain the whole thing to you. His papers are all over the internet and have been published in several languages and in several mainstream physics journals in several countries. This is not called “relativity” anymore. It’s called “quantum mechanics” and “electromagnetics”. “Relativity” is sort of an old-fashioned term now.

http://qem.ee.nthu.edu.tw/outline.pdf

 

[chroot]

Enough psuedoscience and handwaving. The original question has been answered in sufficient detail. David, keep your personal ideas out of the General Physics forum.

- Warren