When is fourier series non-differentiable?

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the conditions under which Fourier series are non-differentiable, specifically referencing the convergence of Fourier coefficients. It is established that if the series \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |n| |\hat{f}(n)| = \infty, it does not necessarily imply that the limit \lim_{\delta\to 0} \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \hat{f}(n) e^{2\pi inx} \frac{e^{2\pi in\delta} - 1}{\delta} diverges. The original work by G.H. Hardy from 1916 is cited as a foundational reference for understanding these conditions, particularly Theorem 4.31. Additional examples are provided through a link to a relevant scientific article.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Fourier series and coefficients
  • Familiarity with convergence criteria in mathematical analysis
  • Knowledge of complex analysis, particularly exponential functions
  • Access to G.H. Hardy's 1916 paper on Fourier series
NEXT STEPS
  • Review G.H. Hardy's 1916 paper on Fourier series for foundational concepts
  • Study Theorem 4.31 in detail to understand its implications on differentiability
  • Explore examples of non-differentiable functions represented by Fourier series
  • Investigate convergence criteria for Fourier coefficients in greater depth
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Mathematicians, students of analysis, and researchers interested in the properties of Fourier series and their differentiability characteristics.

jostpuur
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I know that if

<br /> \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |n| |\hat{f}(n)| &lt; \infty<br />

then

<br /> \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \hat{f}(n) e^{2\pi i nx}<br />

is continuously differentiable as a function of x.

Now I'm interested to know what kind of conditions exist for Fourier coefficients such that they guarantee the non-differentiability.

It is a fact that just because some abstract integral \int d\mu(x)\psi(x) diverges, it doesn't mean that a limit of other integrals \lim_{n\to\infty} \int d\mu(x) \psi_n(x) would diverge too, even when \psi_n\to\psi point wisely. So this means that even if I know that

<br /> \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |n| |\hat{f}(n)| = \infty<br />

this will not obviously imply that

<br /> \lim_{\delta\to 0} \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \hat{f}(n) e^{2\pi inx} \frac{e^{2\pi in\delta} - 1}{\delta}<br />

would diverge too.

What condition will suffice to prove that the Fourier series is not differentiable?
 
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