Why are there anomalies in the properties of water?

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the anomalies in the properties of water, particularly the unique behavior of small molecules like water compared to heavier elements. Key factors contributing to these anomalies include the tetrahedral coordination of water molecules in the solvation shell, which influences their physical properties. The conversation also highlights that such anomalies are not exclusive to water, as other tetrahedral liquids like silica, silicon, and germanium exhibit similar behaviors. Understanding these properties is crucial for comprehending the fundamental nature of water and its interactions.

PREREQUISITES
  • Tetrahedral coordination in molecular chemistry
  • Basic principles of molecular interactions
  • Properties of small molecules versus larger molecules
  • Understanding of solvation shells
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  • Research the tetrahedral coordination of molecules in detail
  • Explore the properties of silica and its comparison to water
  • Investigate molecular interactions in small versus large molecules
  • Study the implications of water anomalies in biological systems
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Researchers in chemistry, environmental scientists, and anyone interested in the unique properties of water and their implications in various scientific fields.

waterfall
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http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/anmlies.html

Why is there so much anomalies in water properties (as mentioned in the site above)? How many are really unsolved and would anyone here happen to know the answer to each puzzle?
 
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There is nothing strange in fact that some small molecules of light elements behave differently than it would be logical if you look at trends determined for heavier molecules/elements. Effects that tend to be hidden by the more prominent effects present in large molecules become dominating in smaller molecules, hence the differences.
 
Anomalies are not unique to water. It seems the key factor is the tetrahedral coordination of molecules in the solvation shell. Other "tetrahedral" liquids are e.g. silica, silicon, and germanium.
 

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