Why is my W filament burning in my DIY electron gun project?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the issues encountered in a DIY electron gun project, specifically focusing on the burning of a tungsten filament within a vacuum chamber. Participants explore the implications of vacuum levels, oxygen presence, and potential solutions to prevent filament failure.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant describes the setup of their electron gun, noting that the tungsten filament burned despite maintaining a constant voltage and current.
  • Another participant suggests that the tungsten is burning due to the presence of oxygen in the vacuum chamber.
  • A question is raised about whether the pressure of 11kPa is insufficient for preventing oxidation of the filament.
  • A response indicates that 11kPa (approximately 83 Torr) is indeed a rough vacuum and not adequate for preventing the rapid burning of a hot filament.
  • Further elaboration includes a calculation suggesting that the oxygen content in the chamber must be reduced to below the level of tungsten atoms in the filament to avoid oxidation.
  • A participant recalls that vacuum tubes often use a sacrificial metal to consume oxygen, although they are uncertain about whether it requires heating.
  • Another participant confirms that in vacuum tubes, the getter material is heated during the evacuation process to absorb oxygen.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the adequacy of the vacuum pressure and the role of oxygen in the burning of the filament. There is no consensus on the best approach to resolve the issue, with multiple competing ideas presented.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights the complexity of achieving sufficient vacuum levels and controlling oxygen content in a DIY electron gun setup. The calculations and references to vacuum tube technology introduce additional considerations that remain unresolved.

emtae55
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TL;DR
I made electron gun by myself with W filament, but the filament was burned :(
I'm in a project that make electron gun myself. I made acryl cylinder for the body and used W(tungsten) filament that using in real SEM. I made the body vaccum(about 11kPa), and applied voltage to the filament(about 6V). Then, the filament started to be heated. But problem was appeared. I didn't change the voltage and current, but the intensity of light of filament went increased by itself, and then it was burned and the electron gun was broken down.
How can i solve this problem??
 
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The tungsten is burning with the oxygen still in the vacuum chamber.
 
256bits said:
The tungsten is burning with the oxygen still in the vacuum chamber.
But the air pressure of the chamber was 11kPa. Isn't it insufficient?
 
emtae55 said:
But the air pressure of the chamber was 11kPa. Isn't it insufficient?

No. That's about 83 Torr, barely rough vacuum. You need at least low milliTorr medium vacuum to high vacuum for a hot filament not to quickly burn.
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/vacuum-d_837.html
 
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emtae55 said:
But the air pressure of the chamber was 11kPa. Isn't it insufficient?
No. Not for the small mass of the tungsten filament, which is somewhere of the order of micrograms in mass.

A gross calculation.
Knowing that:
1 g of tungsten has 5.44 x 10-3moles of atoms,
Atmospheric air has 2 x 10(exp -3 ) moles of atoms oxygen in one liter.
Oxidation of tungsten combines 1 to 1 ratio of oxygen with tungsten,

You have to reduce the oxygen content in your chamber to below that of the level of tungsten atoms in your filament.

With a filament of microgram mass, that is 1 millionth of atmospheric pressure ( density ), or milliTorr.
Which is in line with what is mentioned above.
 
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IIRC, in the manufacture of vacuum tubes they use a sacrificial piece of some metal (magnesium, sodium?) that consumes the oxygen. I don't remember if it needs to be heated by an electric current.
 
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Keith_McClary said:
IIRC, in the manufacture of vacuum tubes they use a sacrificial piece of some metal (magnesium, sodium?) that consumes the oxygen. I don't remember if it needs to be heated by an electric current.
In vacuum tubes, the 'Getter' as it is called, is heated as the final stage of evacuation. An overview can be found here:
https://vacaero.com/information-resources/vac-aero-training/1166-getter-materials.html
above found with:
https://www.google.com/search&q=getter+material+in+vacuum

Cheers,
Tom
 
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