Why sound produced by rapids varies in pitch based on height

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the variation in pitch of sound produced by river rapids, specifically how this pitch changes based on the listener's height above the ground. Participants explore various factors that might influence this phenomenon, including environmental conditions and sound propagation characteristics.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant notes a significant variation in pitch when changing height, suggesting a need to understand the underlying reasons.
  • Another participant raises questions about the surrounding topology and potential reflecting surfaces that could affect sound quality.
  • Several possibilities are proposed, including the idea that vibrations from the rapids may transmit differently through air and ground, affecting perceived frequencies.
  • High frequencies may be more directional and could be blocked by terrain, leading to perceived pitch changes based on listener position.
  • One participant suggests the Doppler effect as a possible explanation for the pitch variation based on distance from the sound source.
  • Another participant discusses the frequency-dependent attenuation of sound in air, noting that closer proximity to the sound source may enhance higher frequencies.
  • Temperature effects on sound propagation are mentioned, with some participants questioning how temperature could influence frequency after sound generation.
  • Resonance effects are briefly introduced through an analogy with liquid in a glass, though its relevance to the main topic is unclear.
  • Concerns are raised about the dependency of sound refraction on frequency, indicating a potential area for further exploration.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express various hypotheses regarding the pitch variation, but there is no consensus on the primary cause. Multiple competing views remain, particularly regarding the influence of temperature and the mechanics of sound propagation.

Contextual Notes

Some assumptions about the environment, such as the presence of reflecting surfaces and the listener's distance from the sound source, are not fully explored. The discussion also touches on complex interactions between sound frequency, air properties, and listener position, which may require further clarification.

BenWinchester
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The other day I was at a river listening to some rapids.
The sound produced by the rapids appeared to vary in pitch depending on how high up I was (squatting down to the ground and standing up produced about a fifth in the variation of the pitch); and I can't think why it should be?
Many Thanks
 
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Odd! Which direction? Also, being rapids I presume there was some surrounding walls or bluffs, correct? Could you describe the topology? I'm not saying that is the cause, but it is something to consider. Location dependent sound suggests reflecting surfaces to me, and the hardness, shape, and texture of a reflecting surface can certainly affect the quality of the sound.
 
A couple of possibilities come to mind and the sound may be influenced by a combination of these and other factors:
1) The vibrations of the rapids may be transmitted through the ground and the closer you get to the ground the more those frequencies are heard. So if the Earth responds to different frequencies than the air, it would sound different.
2) High frequencies are much more directional and "line-of-sight" than low frequencies. So the high frequencies may be blocked by terrain between you and (at least part of) the rapids.
 
doppler effect maybe? when you are standing you are at a greater distance than when you are crouching?
 
I believe you'll find that the attenuation by air of sound is frequency dependent. If you place your ear really close to trickling water or a TV speaker you can discern higher frequencies than when you are a metre away; all the frequencies are louder because you are close to the source of the sound, but the upper frequency content appears even louder still when you get closer.

This graph illustrates how the higher tones suffer higher attenuation:

1300px-Atmospheric_sound_absorption_coefficient_2.svg.png

https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics/Outdoor_Sound_Propagation
 
CORRECTION: @NascentOxygen has questioned this and I think I agree with him.
There could also be a temperature effect. The air near the ground may have a different temperature and the sound frequency might change.
 
Last edited:
FactChecker said:
There could also be a temperature effect. The air near the ground may have a different temperature and the sound frequency might change.
That doesn't seem right. How could temperature bring a frequency change after the sound is generated?
 
NascentOxygen said:
That doesn't seem right. How could temperature bring a frequency change after the sound is generated?
I think you are right.
 
When you pour liquid into a drinking glass, the resonant pitch starts out low, and increases as the glass fills up.
 
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