Safe Storage of Nuclear Waste

[vanesch]

Well neglect and mismanagement often approximates abandonment.

Edit: BTW I don't mean to attribute either malady to the US nuclear industry, which appears to be run amazingly well. I know a guy over at the NRC and its impressive how on top of every thing happening at every plant in the country. What concerns me is that if nuclear power is blessed as the major replacement for fossil, and unless technology makes the full nuclear cycle stupid proof then a) I don't trust that the current track record will hold when scaled up 10 and 100X, and b) I don't see anyway at all to insure that kind of record around the world, esp. the third world.

You are right that nuclear is a very clean and useful technology only under the strict condition of a safety culture - which, I can assure you, is really the case in the West since several decades. Without such safety culture, nuclear becomes nasty ; Chernobyl wasn't so much an illustration of failing nuclear technology, as it was a grandiose failure of safety culture (as was the case in the entire Soviet Union) in its most elementary forms.

Now, the question is: in how much does one have to put "lack of safety culture" into the design ? I think that if people are really stupid, no design will ever be totally idiot-proof. If you've decided to mess up, and you put everything into it, you will end up reaching your goal.

So abandoning SUDDENLY for a long period a nuclear power plant will, with current power plants, probably give a problem. However, abandoning a power plant after a few years of inactivity will not be a problem (the pool problem is only a problem for FRESH used fuel). Should one build safeguards against this ? It is technologically possible - not even difficult, but it will have a price. What price do we want to pay so that, after our civilization is wiped out, we want to respect certain safety criteria for hypothetical survivors ? And if we don't, what is the price they will have to pay ?

Chernobyl has shown us the maximum accident: the upper limit of everything thinkable in nuclear mishappening. What spread out the contamination was the huge fire, driven by a working reactor, in a big mass of graphite. I really don't expect the same kind of spread, even from a pool that puts a fire to the building. So you will have a severe local contamination in the worst case. It is not difficult to do something about that by good engineering, and the whole question is: are we willing to do so or not ?

In other words, this argument is not an argument against nuclear power in itself, because there are easy solutions. The question is simply: do we take that argument seriously, and are we going to do something, or don't we care ? A bit like: should we impose safety belts in cars or not ? This is not an argument against using cars.

 

[mheslep]

.. With regards to the cost and payback time: Currently solar never pays back, though solar PV is not that far out of reach. Its currently 2-3X more expensive IF the land is free (already owned, as at Nellis). (The article is confusing - the AF didn't pay the $100M and thus the 2.2c/kw-hr is meaningless). Solar PV costs ~http://www.solarmarket.com/products.html" now and fossil is 9 to 10 (in say Nevada). Cost of solar is almost all amortization of investment, cost of fossil is currently 1/2 to 2/3 investment and the remainder fuel costs. So to make solar PV viable either one of two things needs to happen: PV doubles in efficiency per cost and that's looking plausible, or fossil fuel increases in cost by 2 to 3x also looking plausible. I imagine there's already tax advantages in place to help solar along, and there's likely environmental penalties increasing on fossil plants to raise its cost.

Well here we go:
A solar panel on every building
http://www.edn.com/article/CA6524103.html?text=nanosolar

Nanosolar’s ... recently announced the first printed thin-film solar cell in a commercial panel product, the Nanosolar Utility Panel; the first thin-film solar cell with a low-cost back-contact capability; the lowest-cost solar panel, which would make Nanosolar the first solar manufacturer capable of profitably selling solar panels that generate at as little as $0.99/W; and the highest-current thin-film solar panel, delivering 5 times the current of any other thin-film panel on the market.

 

[baywax]

You are right that nuclear is a very clean and useful technology only under the strict condition of a safety culture - which, I can assure you, is really the case in the West since several decades. Without such safety culture, nuclear becomes nasty ; Chernobyl wasn't so much an illustration of failing nuclear technology, as it was a grandiose failure of safety culture (as was the case in the entire Soviet Union) in its most elementary forms.

Now, the question is: in how much does one have to put "lack of safety culture" into the design ? I think that if people are really stupid, no design will ever be totally idiot-proof. If you've decided to mess up, and you put everything into it, you will end up reaching your goal.

So abandoning SUDDENLY for a long period a nuclear power plant will, with current power plants, probably give a problem. However, abandoning a power plant after a few years of inactivity will not be a problem (the pool problem is only a problem for FRESH used fuel). Should one build safeguards against this ? It is technologically possible - not even difficult, but it will have a price. What price do we want to pay so that, after our civilization is wiped out, we want to respect certain safety criteria for hypothetical survivors ? And if we don't, what is the price they will have to pay ?

Chernobyl has shown us the maximum accident: the upper limit of everything thinkable in nuclear mishappening. What spread out the contamination was the huge fire, driven by a working reactor, in a big mass of graphite. I really don't expect the same kind of spread, even from a pool that puts a fire to the building. So you will have a severe local contamination in the worst case. It is not difficult to do something about that by good engineering, and the whole question is: are we willing to do so or not ?

In other words, this argument is not an argument against nuclear power in itself, because there are easy solutions. The question is simply: do we take that argument seriously, and are we going to do something, or don't we care ? A bit like: should we impose safety belts in cars or not ? This is not an argument against using cars.

This is a bit like what I brought up about nuclear waste. We don't know if there will be cultural activity exposed to that waste due to geological changes or technological changes (tunnelling) or water level changes and erosion.

We don't know if there will be a lull in civilization then a new start with no knowledge of nuclear facilities, but one thing's for sure, if there is such a lull, there won't be any nuclear engineering education during the break.

We also don't know if another driver is going to hit another car or if a car might or might not lose its breaks or have its fuel pump explode... so we put in car seats and air-bags etc..

Why not treat the Nuclear industry similarly? I know why not... its because the oil industry has gotten away with murder for decades perpetrating oil spills, PCBs in land fill and so on. Why should other industries act any differently in the pursuit of profit?

It may also be that no one trusts nuclear power because they've seen how fossil fuel power was lacking in a "safety culture" and expect the same from the nuclear industry.

 

[vanesch]

This is a bit like what I brought up about nuclear waste. We don't know if there will be cultural activity exposed to that waste due to geological changes or technological changes (tunnelling) or water level changes and erosion.

No, this is studied: normally, natural processes (erosion, water flow, geological change etc...) shouldn't bring any danger. The only thing that could bring in a problem if a future civilization were going to dig and build a DEEP MINE exactly there were the waste is.

Well, then that's THEIR responsibility.

We don't know if there will be a lull in civilization then a new start with no knowledge of nuclear facilities, but one thing's for sure, if there is such a lull, there won't be any nuclear engineering education during the break.

But probably no deep digging either, and the little bit of radiation that might affect people if ever they do won't matter, given the bad medical care one can imagine too. They'll probably die sooner of the plague than of any cancer induced after 30 years...

We also don't know if another driver is going to hit another car or if a car might or might not lose its breaks or have its fuel pump explode... so we put in car seats and air-bags etc..

True, and from a certain point on, we say that the rest is the driver's responsibility. It doesn't stop us from driving cars.

Why not treat the Nuclear industry similarly? I know why not... its because the oil industry has gotten away with murder for decades perpetrating oil spills, PCBs in land fill and so on. Why should other industries act any differently in the pursuit of profit?

It all depends on the control structures one puts in place.

It may also be that no one trusts nuclear power because they've seen how fossil fuel power was lacking in a "safety culture" and expect the same from the nuclear industry.

Again, it depends on the control structures put in place.

 

[vanesch]

Well here we go:
A solar panel on every building
http://www.edn.com/article/CA6524103.html?text=nanosolar

This is indeed an interesting development: it might bring photovoltaic in the ballpark of wind energy. I wonder whether it is $1.00 per installed watt, or per average produced watt.

However, this still doesn't solve the need for absorption of the fluctuations of course.

 

[russ_watters]

The way it is worded implies that that is just the cost of the panels themselves. It doesn't include either the installation or the electronics.

 

[russ_watters]

We don't know if there will be a lull in civilization then a new start with no knowledge of nuclear facilities, but one thing's for sure, if there is such a lull, there won't be any nuclear engineering education during the break.

"A lull in civilization" would, on its own, be a disaster far beyond what it would do to the nuclear industry, so it isn't really worth planning for.

 

[mheslep]

The way it is worded implies that that is just the cost of the panels themselves. It doesn't include either the installation or the electronics.

Nor should it be as those costs will be a varying percentage of the installation size.

 

[baywax]

Is there a Tesla coil that extracts free power from the friction caused by the rotation of the Earth as opposed with the atmosphere? Didn't Tesla come up with a wireless transmission of power? If so, could that method be used to transfer power from space based solar panels?

We've thrown lots of sparks, but is that what Tesla had in mind? In this sequel to the classic Tesla Coil, we venture into the utilitarian Tesla. In clear english and 40 illustratins, we ponder the questions: Can Tesla coils do real work? Can they build an alternative florescent lighting? Will Tesla technology be the next big step in home power?

This is a reprint of Nikola Tesla's June, 1919 article in the Electrical Experimenter. The article outlines the differences between his wireless technology and that of academic convention. "The True Wireless" is one of the most important of Tesla's articles in that he explains in great detail HIS system of wireless. Also, this document, in his own words, smashes currently held beliefs about so-called "Tesla Technology". Written some years after his Wardencliff Project, Tesla explains the inefficiency and limitations of the Hertzian method of electromagnetic propagation (through the air) with great clarity -- and that his system of wireless which was vastly more effective, utilised the ground itself for propagation. Tesla states, "Properly constructed, my system [of wireless] is safe against static and other interference, and the amount of energy which may be transmitted is billions of times greater than with the Hertzian which has none of these virtues..." He explains in particular, with several analogs in diagrammatic representation, his single-wire-without-return system -- the heart of Tesla's radio and wireless power systems.

from: [edit: crackpot link deleted]

 

[vanesch]

Is there a Tesla coil that extracts free power from the friction caused by the rotation of the Earth as opposed with the atmosphere?

This really sounds like a cracking pot

 

[baywax]

This really sounds like a cracking pot

Ok... a cracking pot unfit for nuclear waste!

 

[russ_watters]

Yes, that's the Tesla free energy crackpot conspiracy theory you have there. There is nothing to it.

 

[russ_watters]

Nor should it be as those costs will be a varying percentage of the installation size.

I'm not sure that's true, but regardless, the point is that that number is useless for telling how expensive the plant will be and therefore doesn't help us evaluate the practicality of doing it.

 

[baywax]

Doomed Chernobyl reactor to be buried in giant steel coffin

Still trying to put this one to rest...!

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080427/ap_on_re_eu/chernobyl_s_new_tomb

 

[canadmonster]

what about the late paul m brown researcg ib nuclear waste converted to energy?

 

[Phy6explorer]

Use them up!

Low level waste I think will not cause much damagebut they will surely at some point at the rate that they are accumulating.But the best way to get rid of the m is to find uses for them too. Around 20 percent of the nuclear wastes have been found to have uses already. Until then store each type of waste separately, safely!

 

[vanesch]

Low level waste I think will not cause much damagebut they will surely at some point at the rate that they are accumulating.

Low-level nuclear waste becomes pretty harmless after 30-50 years (that's about the definition of low-level waste). It is, after that time, about as radioactive as natural granite. So there isn't an endless accumulation of that kind of waste.

 

[boomerang]

Rather the piling up the waste and storing it, would it be a lot easier to pulverise it into
a very very fine dust and them simply dispurse it into the atmosphere?

 

[canadmonster]

Rather the piling up the waste and storing it, would it be a lot easier to pulverise it into
a very very fine dust and them simply dispurse it into the atmosphere?

are you suggesting to dump nuclear waste into the atmosphere? Not a good idea. Radio active waste can now be used to make power.

 

[vanesch]

Rather the piling up the waste and storing it, would it be a lot easier to pulverise it into
a very very fine dust and them simply dispurse it into the atmosphere?

You are a joker, right ?

It is the one thing you want to avoid: get it dispersed in the atmosphere so that people breathe it. The problem with radioactive waste is internal contamination: that you take too much of the stuff in your body and that this will give you a significant dose for a long period (the time it stays in your body).

However, although this will probably make the hair rise of any "reasonable" person, what is not a bad idea, is to dump it in the ocean, spread out. Horrible as this may sound, even if you'd spread out all of the high level waste accumulated all over the world for the last 40 years, that would only increase the radioactivity of a liter of seawater with less than 1 Bq (the natural radioactivity of a liter of seawater is about 16 Bq).

And what is even a better idea is to keep it in a safe repository...

 

[vanesch]

are you suggesting to dump nuclear waste into the atmosphere? Not a good idea. Radio active waste can now be used to make power.

The "waste" of the once-through cycle does contain indeed still a lot of potential nuclear energy, in fact about 100 times more (if we include the "waste" from the enrichment) energy than we already extracted from it. But to use that, we need breeder reactors, which are technically possible, but have political difficulties.

However, if you mean, the heat waste of fission products, I don't know if it is worth extracting that. The risk of the installation would probably not outweight the benefit of the little bit of energy that you would get from it. You could make warm water for the city or something. But then why not use the same process with thermal solar ?

 

[canadmonster]

The "waste" of the once-through cycle does contain indeed still a lot of potential nuclear energy, in fact about 100 times more (if we include the "waste" from the enrichment) energy than we already extracted from it. But to use that, we need breeder reactors, which are technically possible, but have political difficulties.

However, if you mean, the heat waste of fission products, I don't know if it is worth extracting that. The risk of the installation would probably not outweight the benefit of the little bit of energy that you would get from it. You could make warm water for the city or something. But then why not use the same process with thermal solar ?

Not a heat transfer but a different power plant. The late Paul m Brown has a patent on it

 

[russ_watters]

A quick google shows he invented some sort of RTG. These things are used only in spacecraft and only with very radioactive sources for a reason: they are not cheap, efficient, or dense enough to be viable for mass generation.

 

[Phy6explorer]

But now?

What actually is done with the radioactive waste now?

 

[vanesch]

What actually is done with the radioactive waste now?

It goes in McDonalds hamburgers :yuck:

It depends on the kind of waste. LLW is stored in special dumps, which have been secured against ground water infiltration and so on, and then covered with ground when they are filled. They need to contain the waste for about 30 years, after which its radioactivity drops to background levels.

High level waste (spend fuel from reactors) is reprocessed or not. The final waste which is HLW (high level waste) is stored in special canisters, which are stored in ventilated concrete storage buildings for a few decades, to let them cool. They are projected to be put in deep geological repositories (a bit the opposite of deep mines). But this is not done yet for three reasons. First of all, the repository must be studied thoroughly, in order to be sure that it is going to contain the waste for a long time (several thousand years). Most of this research has already been done, with positive results, but one still insists on more research.
The second reason is that the longer we can wait to store the waste, the less power it will dissipate, and hence the denser can be the packing in the repository, which increases the usefulness. As the absolute volumes of HLW are, on an industrial scale, pretty small, one can keep them for a long time in temporary storage buildings. The longer one can wait, the better use we can make of the repository.
The third reason is the most silly one: anti-nuclear activists are against it, because it would destroy one of their main arguments against nuclear power, namely that one doesn't know what to do with the waste.

 

[Phy6explorer]

The third reason is the most silly one: anti-nuclear activists are against it, because it would destroy one of their main arguments against nuclear power, namely that one doesn't know what to do with the waste.

It is not silly,is it? I mean, I know that the activists aren't really worried or anything,but they aren't wrong, are they? I know it's too late, as a humoungous amount of works are done with nuclear energy, but if the wastes go on accumulating without any way of disposing them, the HLW I mean, then...what'll happen to planet Earth.Do you think a day will come when we will find a use for the wastes or a way to dispose of them.But even if a use comes, it has to be a major one because the wastes will go on accumulating side-by-side.Disposal is the only chance I suppose!

 

[vanesch]

It is not silly,is it? I mean, I know that the activists aren't really worried or anything,but they aren't wrong, are they? I know it's too late, as a humoungous amount of works are done with nuclear energy, but if the wastes go on accumulating without any way of disposing them, the HLW I mean, then...what'll happen to planet Earth.

They are wrong, because we do know what to do with it, and that is: deep geological storage. This is not some futuristic fiction, there are several places in the world that have been studied (practically, that is), with experimental drills, and small scale repositories. The physics, geology and chemistry of these repositories has been studied, and one is ready to put it in. Only, for that, one needs a political agreement, which can't be obtained, simply because of people refusing the idea that a solution might exist.

And, as I said, there's no hurry, because the longer we can let the waste cool at the surface, the closer we can pack it downstairs.

There is of course the infamous Yucca Mountain, but there is the Gorleben salt structure in Germany, there is the clay layers in Geel (Belgium), there is the Scandinavian granite formation, ... many places have been studied and found OK.
More than 20 years of research went in some of them, to show that it is a safe repository.

Do you think a day will come when we will find a use for the wastes or a way to dispose of them.

We already know what to do with it, as I said.

But you also have to know that the *quantities* are very small. Worldwide, about 200,000 tons of spend fuel are accumulated, over the last half century. That is about 200 Olympic swimming pools. Worldwide. Of half a century.
That's about the amount of coal that ONE 1 GW coal-fired power plant uses IN ONE MONTH.

Of course, the HLW is much more dangerous, but it gives you an idea of the relative volumes of things, and also why there is no issue in just keeping the HLW for a few more decades in storage buildings. On an industrial scale, the quantity of HLW is very tiny.

 

[_Mayday_]

It costs about >$1000/kg (maybe closer to 10 times that) to lauch material from Earth to space, and that is just to orbit. That's more than the cost the energy extracted from the fuel. It's better to bury it on earth.

Is it that the costs are just not economically viable, or is there some degree of economies of scale? I mean 1Kg may cost alot, but when dealing with larger portions, would that lower the price per Kg?

 

[russ_watters]

Is it that the costs are just not economically viable, or is there some degree of economies of scale? I mean 1Kg may cost alot, but when dealing with larger portions, would that lower the price per Kg?

Not much, no. The propulsion technology required to drop the cost by, say, an order of magnitude, doesn't exist.

 

[mheslep]

Lovins on Nuke power

Amory Lovins, a former experimental physicist, has been a pundent for 20 years on how to get off oil in the US. His plan is big on renewable energy, ultra-light cars, and is highly critical of nuclear power as a way to get there.

Lovins argument against nuclear doesn't start with waste. My summary of his points:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
o The free market has spoken on nuclear: NO.
- No where in the world is private capital supporting the construction of a nuclear plant. It is all government supported.
-In the '90s global nuke capacity rose 1% compared to 17% solar PV, 24% wind.
-Renewables and demand side savings will continue to get cheaper w/ better tech, nuclear not so much.

o Nuclear proliferation risk. Commercial nuke power provides a convenient camouflage for making bombs ala India and Pakistan. Much of the same expertise for making a bomb (at least the fuel cycle) is required for power so nuke power spreads the expertise and material. In sum, if there was no nuke power industry there'd be no Iran or N. Korea problem.

Moreover, nuclear power’s having died of an incurable attack of market forces—plus the end of the Cold War—offers a unique opportunity to make nuclear materials, skills, and equipment no longer ordinary items of commerce (except for minor, special, and readily safeguarded medical and industrial uses). This would make such bomb-kit ingredients harder to get, more conspicuous to try to get, and politically far costlier to be caught trying to get or supply, because for the first time, the reason for wanting them would be unambiguously military. This exposure of illicit transactions—now hidden in and rationalized by a vast flow of supposedly innocent civilian nuclear commerce—would not make nuclear bomb proliferation impossible, but would make it far more difficult, and would focus its resource flows into narrower, more readily monitored channels.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Energy/E00-19_ProfitNukeFree.pdf"
http://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Energy/E01-19_NuclearOption.pdf"
http://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Energy/E01-15_NuclearEnergyDebate.pdf"

A little while ago I would have disagreed, but now it appears Wind/Solar/Biofuels are becoming increasingly competitive. I was surprised to see no private nuclear underway even outside the US, in say France? Even IF we could rid ourselves of the irrationality around nuclear, how much would it cost? And I generally agreed w/ the proliferation problem: I don't see anyway to safely separate nuclear weapons tech from nuclear power.

 

[amz8601]

Ha...great idea to blast it off to the sun...i think they tried that but it didnt work...last i heard was the country that tried it doesn't exist anymore...(sorry...bad joke) lol

on a more serious note...did i study on it not too long ago... some methods have been to dig graves for them and busy them in the ground...

also i heard they would seal them in containers and drop them in the ocean...

i can't remember how successful each method was and i can't even remember the rest of the methods...oh well...so much for my contribution...should have just left it at that bad joke...

;)

 

[russ_watters]

Lovins argument against nuclear doesn't start with waste. My summary of his points:
o The free market has spoken on nuclear: NO.
- No where in the world is private capital supporting the construction of a nuclear plant. It is all government supported.

Do any power plants get zero government support?? I doubt it. Subsidized or not, it is possible to calculate the true cost of the energy. Has he?

-In the '90s global nuke capacity rose 1% compared to 17% solar PV, 24% wind.

Yes, and? Nuclear power has been running against a parachute because of irrational paranoia. But that is changing. Mostly because of...economics. Btw, those growth rates are insignificant compared to the growth in coal and gas turbine generation.

-Renewables and demand side savings will continue to get cheaper w/ better tech, nuclear not so much.

Not true. Unfortunatly, the hippies have caused the US to lose two full generations of nuclear power advancements, but there is new technology out there just waiting to be implimented. The same is not true with pv and wind. Sure, we can expect some reduction in cost for pv and wind - but how much? It needs a lot to become competitive.

o Nuclear proliferation risk. Commercial nuke power provides a convenient camouflage for making bombs ala India and Pakistan.

Irrelevant. The US already has nuclear weapons. We don't need to camoflage our nuclear activities.

Much of the same expertise for making a bomb (at least the fuel cycle) is required for power so nuke power spreads the expertise and material. In sum, if there was no nuke power industry there'd be no Iran or N. Korea problem.

If the Chinese hadn't invented gunpowder, there'd be no guns. You can't suppress science, so you shouldn't try. Instead, you should try to harness it for good.

These are the same old lies and repeating them over and over doesn't make them true.

A little while ago I would have disagreed, but now it appears Wind/Solar/Biofuels are becoming increasingly competitive.

And they can get a whole lot more "increasingly competitive" without even approaching actually being competitive.

I was surprised to see no private nuclear underway even outside the US, in say France?

France is already just about 100% nuclear and their demand isn't growing very fast. No need to build more plants.

Even IF we could rid ourselves of the irrationality around nuclear, how much would it cost?

Here are some numbers: http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/398986/putting_a_price_on_nuclear_power/index.html?source=r_science
Of particular note is this sentence:

...the Shearon Harris plant came in at nearly $3 billion over budget, in part because of delays that put it a decade behind schedule.

Point being: the cost overruns are artificial. It should come as no surprise that it doesn't actually take 20 years to build a nuclear power plant, it only takes 5. The rest of the time is spent wading through red tape and hippie legal challenges. There is no magic, no technology to be invented, no reason for nuclear to be as expensive as it is (and it is still competitive, even with a weight around its ankle). The cost of nuclear power can easily be cut in half simply by deciding to do it.

And I generally agreed w/ the proliferation problem: I don't see anyway to safely separate nuclear weapons tech from nuclear power.

Could you explain why we need to?

 

[russ_watters]

I've started to peruse those links, mheslep - you didn't quote quite all the usual lies and irrelevancies, but they are all in there. The first link also discusses the waste [non]issue and efficiency improvements that can't fix the capacity problem.

Economic analyses can be slippery and while this guy finds every "hidden cost" for nuclear power he can, all forms of power have "hidden costs" and the others often get overlooked (air pollution, for example, kills about 20,000 Americans per year. That cost is never included in any estimate. Our involvement in the Persian Gulf is only included when convenient). Have a look at this: http://www.geogenix.com/news/ledger_082205.htm

The array cost $50k and the great state of New Jersey kicked-in $30k of it. Wow. A 60% subsidy. Paid for by the taxpayers of New Jersey (they have lots of other subsidies, including energy efficiency ones). The article contains some logical/scientific errors, as they usually do, but the most important fact is this:

The array has a capacity of 8kW

Some quick math:
Assume the array will generate 32 kWh per day (4 hours a day or 8 hours every other day on average). That's a tough one to estimate, but I figure the array doesn't have dual axis tracking (very few do).

32 kWh per day at $.13/kWh is $1518 per year, or a payback on the $20k of 13 years -- overall, a payback of 40 years. These numbers, of course, assume no maintenance and no degredation of the array.

Now, the article claims a 5-7 year payback. At 8kW peak and $.13/kWh, 5 years must assume 3,846 hrs per year at 8kW. Since there are only 4,380 daylight hours per year, the sun angle cuts the light by half, and the sky is cloudy half the time, you can only hope for an effective 1,100 hours. I wonder who lied to this poor, naive woman?

Incidentally, you always read about these things as they are being installed - ever read an article written a year after they were installed?

 

[vanesch]

Amory Lovins, a former experimental physicist, has been a pundent for 20 years on how to get off oil in the US. His plan is big on renewable energy, ultra-light cars, and is highly critical of nuclear power as a way to get there.

Lovins is one of the founders of the anti-nuclear movement.

EDIT: BTW, the 20 years he used to ponder, got France totally nuclear concerning electricity and the most fuel efficient cars in the world. (I'm not saying that to make publicity for France, I'm saying that while anti-nuclear activists ponder, other people do).

 

[mheslep]

Lovins is one of the founders of the anti-nuclear movement.

EDIT: BTW, the 20 years he used to ponder, got France totally nuclear concerning electricity and the most fuel efficient cars in the world. (I'm not saying that to make publicity for France, I'm saying that while anti-nuclear activists ponder, other people do).

Didn't know he was a founder; it certainly fits. Its clear he's got an agenda w/ which I don't necessary agree, but he's informed so I find it productive to engage his ideas. Lovins is not just a sign carrier. He's done some detailed work on an H based cars and ultra light vehicles, employs several former GM engineers, and has even spun a carbon fiber fabrication facility to demonstrate his ideas.

BTW, upon what could you possibly be basing that 'most fuel efficient' cars claim?