What is Expectation: Definition and 688 Discussions

Expectation damages are damages recoverable from a breach of contract by the non-breaching party. An award of expectation damages protects the injured party's interest in realising the value of the expectancy that was created by the promise of the other party. Thus, the impact of the breach on the promisee is to be effectively "undone" with the award of expectation damages.The purpose of expectation damages is to put the non-breaching party in the position it would have occupied had the contract been fulfilled. Expectation damages can be contrasted to reliance damages and restitution damages, which are remedies that address other types of interests of parties involved in enforceable promises.The default for expectation damages are monetary damages which are subject to limitations or exceptions (see below)
Expectation damages are measured by the diminution in value, coupled with consequential and incidental damages.

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  1. carllacan

    Expectation values for an harmonic oscillator

    Homework Statement Find the expectation values of x and p for the state \vert \alpha \rangle = e^{-\frac{1}{2}\vert\alpha\vert^2}exp(\alpha a^{\dagger})\vert 0 \rangle, where ##a## is the destruction operator. Homework Equations Destruction and creation operators ##a=Ax+Bp##...
  2. U

    Check my working please? Expectation of momentum

    Homework Statement A state at time t is given by: |\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\left[ e^{-\frac{i\omega t}{2}}|0\rangle + e^{-i\frac{3\omega t}{2}}|1\rangle \right] Where eigenfunctions are ##\phi_0 = \left(\frac{1}{a^2 \pi}\right)^{\frac{1}{4}}e^{-\frac{x^2}{2a^2}}## and ##\phi_1 =...
  3. E

    For which joint distributions is a conditional expectation an additive

    I know that, for a random vector (X,Y,Z) jointly normally distributed, the conditional expectation E[X|Y=y,Z=z] is an additive function of y and z For what other distributions is this true?
  4. U

    Expectation value of Lz angular momentum

    Homework Statement Find ##\langle L_z \rangle##. What is ##\langle L_Z \rangle## for one atom only? Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Using ##L_z = -i\hbar \frac{\partial }{\partial \phi}##, I get: \langle L_z\rangle = \frac{32}{3} \pi k^2 \hbar a_0^3 Not...
  5. Ravi Mohan

    Expectation values of unbounded operator

    I am reading an intriguing article on rigged Hilbert space http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0502053 On page 8, the author describes the need for rigged Hilbert space. For that, he considers an unbounded operator A, corresponding to some observable in space of square integrable functions...
  6. K

    Expectation Value of Gaussian Wave Function: Position & Momentum Zero?

    Why, in a Gaussian wave function the position and momentum expectation value coincide to be zero? Does it have any physical interpretation? I had an idea that expectation value is the average value over time on that state. But, for Gaussian it tells that it vanishes. Can you please explain.?
  7. S

    Expectation value of an operator

    When we say expectation value of an operator like the pauli Z=[1 0; 0 -1], like when <Z> = 0.6 what does it mean? What is difference between calculating expectation value of Z and its POVM elements{E1,E2}? thanks
  8. F

    MHB Find conditional expectation

    Consider a family of densitites $f(x,\theta)=\frac{exp(-{\sqrt{x}})}{{\theta}}$. Let $X_{1}$ be a single observation from this family. I have shown that ${\sqrt{X_{1}}}/2$ is an unbiased estimator. Now consider $n$ observations $X_{1},..X_{n}$. I have shown that...
  9. F

    MHB Compute Expectation for $X_{1}^\frac{1}{2}$ with Family $f(x,\theta)$

    consider a density family $f(x,\theta)=\frac{exp(-{\sqrt{x}}/{\theta})}{2{\theta}^2}$. Let $X_{1}$ have the density above. Compute $E(X_{1}^\frac{1}{2})$. Integration by parts doesn't work since the derivative of ${\sqrt{x}}$ never vanishes, so how do I compute the expectation?
  10. G

    Why is the expectation value of an observable what it is (the formula)

    Homework Statement I really do not understand why the expectation value of an observable such as position is <x> = \int\Psi*(x)\Psi Homework Equations If Q is an operator then <Q> = = \int\Psi*(Q)\Psi cn = <f,\Psi> The Attempt at a Solution What I understand this is saying is...
  11. Matterwave

    Commutator expectation value in an Eigenstate

    Hi, suppose that the operators $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$ are Hermitean operators which do not commute corresponding to observables. Suppose further that $$\left|A\right>$$ is an Eigenstate of $$A$$ with eigenvalue a. Therefore, isn't the expectation value of the commutator in the eigenstate...
  12. A

    Nuclear force tensor operator expectation value.

    Homework Statement I have a question asking me to find the expectation value of S_{12} for a system of two nucleons in a state with total spin S = 1 and M_s = +1 , where S_{12} is the tensor operator inside the one-pion exchange nuclear potential operator, equal to S_{12} =...
  13. S

    Expectation value for momentum operator using Dirac Notation

    Question and symbols: Consider a state|ε> that is in a quantum superposition of two particle-in-a-box energy eigenstates corresponding to n=2,3, i.e.: |ε> = ,[1/(2^.5)][|2> + |3>], or equivalently: ε(x) = [1/(2^.5)][ψ2(x) + ψ3. Compute the expectation value of momentum: <p> = <ε|\widehat{}p|ε>...
  14. H

    Are all selfadjoint operators in quantum mechanics bounded?

    Hi, I'd like to know if the following statement is true: Let \hat{A}, \hat{B} be operators for any two observables A, B. Then \langle \hat{A} \rangle_{\psi} = \langle \hat{B} \rangle_{\psi} \forall \psi implies \hat{A} = \hat{B} . Here, \langle \hat{A} \rangle_{\psi} =...
  15. C

    Easy way to get the expectation value of momentum squared?

    Hello, I've been trying to define <p2> in terms of <x2>, much the same way that you can write <p> = m d<x>/dt, because it would be easier in my calculations. Is this possible, or am I on a fools errand? Edit: For Gaussian distributions.
  16. X

    Expectation Values - Quantum Calculations

    Homework Statement \Psi (x) = C e^{i k_{0} x} e^{\frac{-x^{2}}{2 a^{2}}} Find \left\langle x \right\rangle, \left\langle x^{2} \right\rangle, \left\langle p \right\rangle, \left\langle p^{2} \right\rangle.Homework Equations Operators make a "psi-sandwich": \left\langle x \right\rangle =...
  17. A

    Condition for expectation value of an operator to depend on time

    Homework Statement A particle is in a 1D harmonic oscillator potential. Under what conditions will the expectation value of an operator Q (no explicit time dependence) depend on time if (i) the particle is initially in a momentum eigenstate? (ii) the particle is initially in an energy...
  18. pellman

    Expectation value for first success in a binomial distribution?

    This is not a homework problem. Just a curiosity. But my statistics is way rusty. Suppose a binomial probability distribution with probability p for a success. What is the expected number of trials one would have to make to get your first success? In practice, this means if we took a large...
  19. M

    Probability - expectation and variance from a coin toss

    Homework Statement A coin is flipped repeatedly with probability p of landing on heads each flip. Calculate the average <n> and the variance \sigma^2 = <n^2> - <n>^2 of the attempt n at which heads appears for the first time. Homework Equations \sigma^2 = <n^2> - <n>^2 The...
  20. N

    Expectation of ratio of 2 independent random variables ?

    Hi, i was wondering if the following is valid: E[x/y] = E[x] / E[y], given that {x,y} are non-negative and independent random variables and E[.] stands for the expectation operator. Thanks
  21. T

    Expectation Value of Momentum for Wavepacket

    Homework Statement What is the average momentum for a packet corresponding to this normalizable wavefunction? \Psi(x) = C \phi(x) exp(ikx) C is a normalization constant and \phi(x) is a real function. Homework Equations \hat{p}\rightarrow -i\hbar\frac{d}{dx}The Attempt at a Solution...
  22. U

    Showing energy is expectation of the Hamiltonian

    Homework Statement The vector \psi =\psi_{n} is a normalized eigenvector for the energy level E=E_{n}=(n+\frac{1}{2})\hbar\omega of the harmonic oscillator with Hamiltonian H=\frac{P^{2}}{2m}+\frac{1}{2}m\omega^{2}X^{2}. Show that...
  23. H

    What is the expectation value of x for a wave function equal to Ax^3?

    Homework Statement This is a question I had in my Quantum Mechanics class but my problem is with the calculus which is why i am posting it here. The question is to find the expectation value of x given the wave function equals Ax^3 where 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 otherwise. The solution given in class is...
  24. L

    What is the expectation value of ψ = x3 when 0≤ x ≤a and 0 otherwise?

    Homework Statement ψ = x3 when 0≤ x ≤a and 0 otherwise find <x> Homework Equations ∫ψ*ψdx=1The Attempt at a Solution So first I multiplied x3 times A, to get Ax3, then plugging that into the equation, I get ∫A2x6dx=1 Then I solve that for A, getting A = \sqrt{\frac{7}{a^{7}}} So I plug that...
  25. R

    When calculating the momentum expectation value

    when calculating the momentum expectation value the term i(h-bar)d/dx goes inbetween the complex PSI and the 'normal' PSI, so do you differentiate the normal PSI and then multiply by the complex PSI? or do you differentiate the product of the two PSI's i.e. the modulus of PSI? thanks for any...
  26. S

    Expectation value for a position measurement

    Homework Statement Given the wave function psi(x,0) = 3/5 sqrt(2/L) sin(xpi/L) + 4/5 sqrt(2/L) sin(5xpi/L) in an infinite potential well from 0 to L, what is the expectation value <x> and rms spread delta E = sqrt(<E^2>-<E>^2) Homework Equations <x> = integral from 0 to L of psi*xpsi dx...
  27. N

    What is the Expectation of (aX-bY)?

    Hello, I 'm trying to express the following in integral form: E[a/X-b/Y], where E[.] stands for the expectation operator. Let a,b be some nonnegative constants and X,Y are independent nonnegative Gamma distributed random variables. Any help would be useful. Thanks in advance
  28. T

    What is the Expected Value in a Probabilistic Computing Scenario?

    Assume we have a number ##S_0##. For ##i=1..n## define$$S_i=\begin{cases}(1+b)S_{i-1}\text{ with probability }p\\(1+a)S_{i-1}\text{ with probability }1-p\end{cases}$$. What is the expected value of ##S_n##?
  29. W

    Expectation value of kinetic energy

    Homework Statement Given the following hypothetic wave function for a particle confined in a region -4≤X≤6: ψ(x)= A(4+x) for -4≤x≤1 A(6-x) for 1≤x≤6 0 otherwise Using the normalized wave function, calculate the...
  30. D

    Why is there no help: momentum expectation value 2D particle in a box

    Is there anyone out there that knows how to define the p operator for a 2-d box. Please can you give a full answer, and not only a hint. I think that no one on this planet knows what it is. I have looked all over the internet. If there is no answer. Why don't people just say it? I think nobody...
  31. D

    Probability of measuring E in a Hydrogen atom, and expectation values

    Homework Statement Hey guys, so here's the question: The energy eigenstates of the hydrogen atom \psi_{n,l,m} are orthonormal and labeled by three quantum numbers: the principle quantum number n and the orbital angular momentum eigenvalues l and m. Consider the state of a hydrogen atom at t=0...
  32. C

    Expectation value of the time evolution operator

    This problem pertains to the perturbative expansion of correlation functions in QFT. Homework Statement Show that \langle0|T\left[exp\left(i\int_{-t}^{t}dt' H_{I}^{'}(t')\right)\right]|0\rangle = \left(\langle0|T\left[exp\left(-i\int_{-t}^{t}dt'...
  33. S

    Solving Probability Integrals with Monotone Convergence Theorem

    I'm having trouble working out a few details from my probability book. It says if P(An) goes to zero, then the integral of X over An goes to zero as well. My book says its because of the monotone convergence theorem, but this confuses me because I thought that has to do with Xn converging to X...
  34. C

    Expectation value of energy for a quantum system

    Homework Statement Let ##\Psi(x,0)## be the wavefunction at t=0 described by ##\Psi(x,0) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(u_1(x) + u_2(x)\right)##, where the ##u_i## is the ##ith## eigenstate of the Hamiltonian for the 1-D infinite potential well. The energy of the system is measured at some t -...
  35. C

    Schrodinger half spin states expectation values

    Homework Statement What is the expectation value of \hat{S}_{x} with respect to the state \chi = \begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 0 \end{pmatrix}? \hat{S}_{x} = \frac{\bar{h}}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 0&1\\ 1&0 \end{pmatrix}Homework Equations <\hat{S}_{x}> = ∫^{\infty}_{-\infty}(\chi^{T})^{*}\hat{S}_{x}\chi...
  36. D

    Expectation value of a hermitian operator prepared in an eigenstate

    Hey guys, So this question is sort of a fundamental one but I'm a bit confused for some reason. Basically, say I have a Hermitian operator \hat{A}. If I have a system that is prepared in an eigenstate of \hat{A}, that basically means that \hat{A}\psi = \lambda \psi, where \lambda is real...
  37. K

    Covariance involving Expectation

    Homework Statement Suppose ##X,Y## are random variables and ##\varepsilon = Y - E(Y|X)##. Show that ##Cov(\varepsilon , E(Y|X)) = 0##. Homework Equations ##E(\varepsilon) = E(\varepsilon | X) = 0## ##E(Y^2) < \infty## The Attempt at a Solution ##Cov(\varepsilon , E(Y|X)) =...
  38. E

    Expectation with log normal

    What is the expectation, E(log(x-a)), when x is log normally distributed? Also x-a>0. I am looking for analytical solution or good numerical approximation. Thanks
  39. D

    Bra-kets and operator formalism in QM - Expectation values of momentum

    Homework Statement sup guys! I think I've solved this set of problems, but I was just wondering if I've done it right - I have no way to tell. I'll put all the questions and answers here - plus the stuff I used. So could you please tell me if there's any mistakes? Here it is - using Word...
  40. P

    Expectation value for non commuting operator

    if 2 hermitian operator A, B is commute, then AB=BA, the expectation value <.|AB|.>=<.|BA|.>. how about if A and B is non commute operator? so we can not calculate the exp value <.|AB|.> or <.|BA|.>?
  41. D

    Expectation value of an operator in matrix quantum mechanics

    Homework Statement Hey everyone. Imma type this up in Word as usual: http://imageshack.com/a/img577/3654/q9ey.jpg Homework Equations http://imageshack.com/a/img22/3185/pfre.jpg The Attempt at a Solution http://imageshack.com/a/img703/8571/xogb.jpg
  42. K

    How do I find this expectation value?

    Homework Statement A hydrogen like ion (with one electron and a nucleus of charge Ze) is in the state ψ = ψ_{2,0,0} - ψ_{2,1,0} What's the expectation value of \hat{r} (position operator) as a function of Z? Assuming origin at nucleus. Homework Equations for Z=1 < ψ |...
  43. S

    What is the Notation for Expectation and How Do I Interpret It?

    How do I read, interpret the following definitions for the expectation of a random variable X? Assume the integral is over the entire relevant space for X. (1) E(X) = ∫ x dP (2) E(X) = ∫ x dF(X) If I asked you to calculate (1) or (2) for an arbitrary X, how does it look? My only other...
  44. Q

    Expectation values with annihilation/creation operators

    Homework Statement Calculate <i(\hat{a} - \hat{a^{t}})> Homework Equations |\psi > = e^{-\alpha ^{2}/2} \sum \frac{(\alpha e^{i\phi })^n}{\sqrt{n!}} |n> \hat{a}|n> = \sqrt{n}|n-1> I derived: \hat{a}|\psi> = (\alpha e^{i\phi})^{-1}|\psi> The Attempt at a Solution...
  45. D

    Finding the expectation value of energy using wavefunc. and eigenstate

    Homework Statement Hey guys! So this is a bit of a long question, I've done most of it but I need a few tips to finish the last part, and I'm not sure if I've done the first one correctly. I'll be typing it up in Word cos Latex is long! http://imageshack.com/a/img5/8335/n7iw.jpg...
  46. O

    How do we get the expectation value formula?

    <x>= ∫ complex ψ x ψ dx How do we get this formula? And why must the complex ψ must be placed in front? Please guide or any link to help,not really understand this makes me difficult to start in quantum mechanics. Your help is really appreciated. Pls
  47. F

    Showing the expectation values of a system are real quantities

    Homework Statement A one-dimension system is in a state described by the normalisable wave function Ψ(x,t) i.e. Ψ → 0 for x → ±∞. (a) Show that the expectation value of the position ⟨x⟩ is a real quantity. [1] (b) Show that the expectation value of the momentum in the x-direction ⟨p⟩...
  48. G

    Help on the expectation value of two added operators

    Hi everyone, I was just working on some problems regarding the mathematical formalism of QM, and while trying to finish a proof, I realized that I am not sure if the following fact is always true: Suppose that we have two linear operators A and B acting over some vector space. Consider a...
  49. N

    MHB Conditional expectation of joint PMF

    (please refer to attached image) The question appears to be simple enough, but i have two queries A) does E[X1 X2] mean the same as E[X1 | X2] B) If not/so, how exactly do I go about computing this. I've seen a few formulas in my lectures notes for computing conditional expectations for...
  50. K

    Evaluating expectation values

    Homework Statement f(x,y)=6a^{-5}xy^{2} 0≤x≤a and 0≤y≤a, 0 elsewhere Show that \overline{xy}=\overline{x}.\overline{y} Homework Equations \overline{x}=\int^{∞}_{-∞}{x.f(x)dx} The Attempt at a Solution \overline{x}=\int^{∞}_{-∞}{x.f(x)dx} =\int^{a}_{0}{x.6a^{-5}xy^{2}dx}...
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