What is Power series: Definition and 642 Discussions

In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form

where an represents the coefficient of the nth term and c is a constant. Power series are useful in mathematical analysis, where they arise as Taylor series of infinitely differentiable functions. In fact, Borel's theorem implies that every power series is the Taylor series of some smooth function.
In many situations c (the center of the series) is equal to zero, for instance when considering a Maclaurin series. In such cases, the power series takes the simpler form

Beyond their role in mathematical analysis, power series also occur in combinatorics as generating functions (a kind of formal power series) and in electronic engineering (under the name of the Z-transform). The familiar decimal notation for real numbers can also be viewed as an example of a power series, with integer coefficients, but with the argument x fixed at 1⁄10. In number theory, the concept of p-adic numbers is also closely related to that of a power series.

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  1. E

    Power series vs. taylor series

    Hey all, So I have a physics final coming up and I have been reviewing series. I realized that I'm not quite sure on what the differences are between a Taylor series and a power series. From what I think is true, a taylor series is essentially a specific type of power series. Would it be...
  2. J

    Solving differential equation using the Power Series Method

    Homework Statement x²y'' + (x² - 2)y = 0 Homework Equations N/A The Attempt at a Solution I divided through by x² to get the equation in standard form. Then I plugged in the power series representation for y and y'' into the equation and got to this point...
  3. I

    Power Series for e^x Homework Help

    Homework Statement Problem: Find the value of b for which Homework Equations Power series for (1/1+x) or in this case, power series for (1/1+b) The Attempt at a Solution I keep getting ln (-5/6) as the answer, but apparently the correct answer is ln (5/6). I do not see why...
  4. C

    Finding the Power Series Representation for x/(1-x)^2

    hey, this is my first time posting, my question is find the power series representation for x/(1-x)^2 I know the representation for 1/1-x is x^n so does that mean x/(1-x)^2 is x^n^2? could use some clarification please
  5. T

    Complex power series to calculate Fourier series

    I never took complex analysis in undergrad and always regretted it, so I'm working through the book Visual Complex Analysis on my own. Really enjoying it so far. Homework Statement Actually you can view the problem...
  6. H

    Why Should You Integrate a Power Series from Zero?

    Hello, I have a power series, and a problem with an integration with it, I don't understand why I should integrate it from zero at one point. I have attached a detalied explanation of the problem. http://img79.imageshack.us/img79/5156/powerseriespt4.jpg Any help would be greatly appreciated.
  7. V

    Power series solution to a second order o.d.e.

    Homework Statement Find the terms up to x^5 in the power series solution of the following equation y''=(1+x^{2})y Homework Equations Power series, sum from 0 to infinity y=\sum a_{n}x^{n} The Attempt at a Solution At first I just differentiated each term separately and...
  8. L

    Using a power series to estimate a function

    I'm having a problem with estimating a function using a power series... the problem is Use the power series for f(x)= (5+x)^(1/3) to estimate 5.08^(1/3) correct to four decimal places. I found all the derivatives of f(x) but I'm not sure how to make it into a power series or what form to...
  9. J

    Multiplying McLaurin Functions & Power Series

    How do you multiply McLaurin functions by "regular" power series? For example: If y' = sum (1, inf.) n*a_n x^n-1 and cos(x) = sum(0, inf.) (-1^n x^2n) / (2n)!, how do you find the product? If y = sum(0, inf.) a_n x^n and sin(x) = sum(0, inf.) (-1^n x^(2n+1)) / (2n+1)!, how do you find the...
  10. H

    Questions about integration of power series

    Lets say we have this series: a0+ a1(x-k)^1 +a2(x-k)^2 +a3(x-k)^3 = s(x) If I integrate the series a theorem in the books says that I will get the antiderivate S(x)+C, but won't C allways be equal to zero?
  11. F

    Power Series Method: Solve y'' + 2xy' + 2y = 0

    Homework Statement Use the power series method to find the general solution to: y'' + 2xy' + 2y = 0 Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I let y(x)=a0 + a1x + a2x^2 +...+anx^n + ... Then i found out what y'(x) and y''(x) was. I then equated the constant terms with...
  12. S

    Understanding Complex Variable Power Series

    Hi all, I'm having trouble understading this problem I got for homework. They're actually two problems in one, (a) and (b)... Any comment you can give me for understaing this will REALLY help. This is due Thursday, so please if anyone knows anything about this, can you share it with me? Thank...
  13. S

    Power series of a scalar function with a vector

    I was trying to expand a scalar function with a power series but it accepts a vector argument. Do I simply use the multivariable power series expansion with the components of the vector acting as the argument OR do I use the single variable power series and take the vector's magnitude in the...
  14. kreil

    How Do You Apply Power Series to Evaluate Functions and Estimate Errors?

    I'm having trouble with a few homework problems, so here are the problems and my thoughts. Homework Statement Use the power series to evaluate the function f(x)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^4}}-cos(x^2) at x=0.01. Use the first two terms in the series to approximate the function, but estimate the...
  15. K

    Differential Equations and Power Series

    Homework Statement Solve the differential equation f' = 2xf2 with the initial condition f(0)=1 in the following way: i) First, assume that there is a solution given by a power series f(x) = with a positive radius of convergence. SUbstitude this into the differential equation and figure...
  16. B

    Convergence and Boundary Points in Power Series

    I have defined a power series about the point a = 1 as, f\left(a\right)= \sum^{\infty}_{n=0}\left(-1\right)^{n}\left[-\frac{1}{\left(e-1\right)^{n}}+\frac{1}{\left(e-1\right)^{n+1}}\right]\left(a-1\right)^{n} The terms of the power series are correct for all n, except n = 0. I need n = 0 to...
  17. T

    Power series expansion of an exponential

    Homework Statement expand the exponential term in the equation y=2[e^{x+(x²/2)}-1] as a power series Homework Equations on wikipedia I found this... http://img297.imageshack.us/img297/1088/15139862vw6.jpg The Attempt at a Solution Do I substitute x+(x²/2) as "x" in the above...
  18. D

    Deriving the Coefficients of an Infinite Power Series

    Homework Statement Show that if a function f(x) can be expressed as an infinite power series, then it has the form f(x) = f(x0) + \sum^{\infty}_{n = 1}\frac{f^{n}(x0)}{n!}(x - x0)^{} Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I know that for an infinite power series: =...
  19. L

    Why is the domain of arctan power series |x|<=1?

    Why is the domain of arctan power series |x|<=1? i understand why a power series has the domain |x|<1, but why is the power series of arctan |x|<=1? thanks! also, why are domains of the taylor expansions of coshx and sinhx: for all x?
  20. G

    Using division of power series to find the first 3 nonzero terms

    1. Use multiplication or division of power series to find the first 3 nonzero terms in the Maclaurin series of the function x/sinx. 2. the maclaurin series for sinx is \sum(-1)^{n}x^{2n+1}/(2n+1)! 3. I've tried to divide x/sinx substituting sinx for the maclaurin series but I seem...
  21. F

    Understanding Power Series Derivatives: A Question

    Hi My confusion is about this power series. If derivative of a function (f(x)) is another function(g(x)) then, this holds for the series terms of the functions. My question is If one knows this derivation relation Just two equal labelled series terms of two other functions. And one...
  22. T

    Under what conditions does a function have a power series representation?

    Under what conditions does a function have a power series representation? I am looking for a theorem that says if a function satisfies these conditions then it has a power series representation. Or does all functions have a power series representation?
  23. T

    The coefficients of a power series for natural log

    Homework Statement The function f(x) =ln(10 - x) is represented as a power series in the form f(x) = (sum from 0 to infinity) of c_{n}x^{n} Find the first few coefficients in the power series. The Attempt at a Solution I know how to find the coefficients in a normal looking...
  24. O

    Convergence of Power Series with Coefficients Multiplied by n

    Homework Statement Suppose sum(a_n*x^n) represents a power series with radius of convergence (-R, R). Is it true that the series sum(n*a_n*x^n) is convergent? Prove or give a counter example. Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Let b_n = n*a_n*x^n Using ratio test...
  25. M

    Power Series Representation of e^(sin(x))

    Homework Statement Find the power series representation of the following: f(x) = e^(sin(x)) Homework Equations I know this to be true: e^x = (Inf Sum, n=0) (x^n/n!) The Attempt at a Solution So, in substituting sin(x) for x, I get: e^(sin(x)) = 1 + sin(x)/1 + sin(x)/2 + sin(x)/6 + ...
  26. G

    Representing a function as a power series

    Homework Statement Evaluate the indefinite integral as a power series and find the radius of convergence \int\frac{x-arctan(x)}{x^3} I have no idea where to start here. Should I just integrate it first?
  27. B

    Power Series Representation-Quick question

    Homework Statement Is there a way to check if a power series representation of a function is correct? Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution
  28. B

    Finding the Interval of Convergence for f'(x) in a Power Series - Homework Help

    Homework Statement Find the interval of convergence of f'(x) f(x) Sum from n=1 to infinity [(x-5)^n*(-1)^n]/[n5^n] Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution My problem is I am unsure how to take the derivative with the n's and x's should I treat n as a constant...
  29. S

    Power Series Homework Help: Exploring Equations and Solutions

    Homework Statement See the attached png Homework Equations See the attached png The Attempt at a Solution See the attached png
  30. J

    Solving ODE using power series

    Homework Statement solve the initial value problem: x(2-x)y'' - 6(x-1)y' - 4y = 0 y(1)=1 y'(1) = 0 hint: since the initial condition is given at x_0 = 1 , it is best to write the solution as a series centered at x_0 = 1 . Homework Equations I have attempted the question, but...
  31. J

    Solving an ODE using a power series

    Homework Statement solve the initial value problem: x(2-x)y'' - 6(x-1)y' - 4y = 0 y(1)=1 y'(1) = 0 hint: since the initial condition is given at x_0 = 1 , it is best to write the solution as a series centered at x_0 = 1 . Homework Equations I have attempted the question, but...
  32. Hootenanny

    Term-wise Differentiation of Power Series

    For those who don't know I'm writing a tutorial (https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=139690") in the tutorials forum. I have come to the point of introducing Transcendental functions. I would like to introduce the exponential function first (via the Taylor series) and then present...
  33. R

    Geometric Sum (Power Series) Calculation

    Hi In trying to calculate the following sum: \sum_{i=1}^n{i^2} I found the following expansions: \sum_{i=1}^p \sum_{j=0}^{i-1} (-1)^j(i-j)^p {n+p-i+1\choose n-i} {p+1\choose j} My question is: is there an easier or more intuitive way to compute the limit of the sum above?
  34. Saladsamurai

    Power Series Solution to a Diff EQ

    [SOLVED] !Power Series Solution to a Diff EQ! Homework Statement Find the first 5 term of a Power series solution of y'+2xy=0 (1) Missed this class, so please bear with my attempt here.The Attempt at a Solution Assuming that y takes the form y=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}c_nx^n...
  35. F

    Power series representation

    Homework Statement Use differentiation to find a power series representation for f(x) = 1/ (1+x)^2Homework Equations geometric series sum = 1/(1+x) The Attempt at a Solution (1) I see that the function they gave is the derivative of 1/(1+x). (2) Therefore, (-1)*(d/dx)summation(x^n) =...
  36. T

    A rod, a ball, garvitational Potential Energy (U), and the power series expns.

    Homework Statement Mass of rod: M mass of ball: m Length of Rod: L distance between rod and ball: x GPE is zero at infinty The questiopn asks to take the GPE of the rod/ball system, using the Power Series Expansion for ln(1+x) . Homework Equations U = -GMm/r The Attempt at a...
  37. A

    Exploring Power Series: Convergence and Differentiation Techniques"

    Hi: I have 2 questions about Power Series. The 1st one is a h/w problem and the 2nd one is an example from a textbook which I am having difficulty to figure out. Problem1: Given a power series g(x) = sum(0 to inf) of x^i/i!. Determine interval of convergence and compute g'(x)...
  38. R

    Find power series representation

    Homework Statement Find a power series representation for the function and determine the radius of convergence. heres the problem: http://img301.imageshack.us/img301/4514/30437250jj2.png Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution i believe the derivative of arctant =...
  39. R

    What is the convergence of a power series using the ratio test?

    Homework Statement I've tried to apply the ratio test to a problem that is a power series. here's the problem as a pic: http://img152.imageshack.us/img152/2751/35685690oj3.png Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I've gotten so far as you can see in the pic, I've...
  40. J

    Power series and taylor

    [SOLVED] power series and taylor Homework Statement Let f be a function defined by f(x)=\frac{1+c x^2}{1+x^2}, and let x be an element of R for c\neq1, find the taylor series around the point a, and find the radius of convergence of the taylor series Homework Equations for power series...
  41. F

    Finding the Interval for Power Series Summation of x^(n)/[2^(n)*n^(4)]

    For summation from 1 to infinity of x^(n)/[2^(n)*n^(4)] - I get the radius is 2 by ration test, but how do I get the interval, just by pluggin in?
  42. M

    Finding Non-Zero Terms and Interval of Convergence for Cycloid Power Series

    Homework Statement Find the first non-zero terms, the general term for the cycloid power series, and the interval of convergence for the cycloid power series. cycloid: y=-a+acos(theta) x=a(theta)-asin(theta) Homework Equations I know that f(a)+ f'(a)(x-a)+ f''(a)(x-a)^2... will...
  43. M

    Cycloid power series. problem from hell.

    :devil: Can you handle it? Find the first non-zero terms, the general term for the cycloid power series, and the interval of convergence for the cycloid power series. cycloid: y=-a+acos(theta) x=a(theta)-asin(theta)
  44. M

    Power Series Solutions for Initial Value Problems

    Find a power series solution for each of the initial value problems below: (a) y' (x) = cos x^2, y(0) = 0 (b) y'' - xy=0, y(0)=1, y' (0) = 0 Does anybody have any advice for this? Thanks!
  45. rocomath

    Power series, why did this stay constant?

    http://img233.imageshack.us/img233/9559/21808788yx1.jpg so we took the derivative of the series, which i understand. but why is it that when the new n position was changed, why didn't the 2n+1 change as well? and i know that the n position changed b/c if it rained 0, we would have had x to...
  46. rocomath

    Power series representation, I really :-]

    [SOLVED] Power series representation, I really need help! :-] please let me know if i did this correctly f(x)=\arctan{(\frac{x}{3})} f'(x)=\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{1-(-\frac{x^2}{3^2})} \frac{1}{3}\int[\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n}x^{2n}}{3^{2n}}]dx...
  47. R

    Discovering Coefficients of f(x)=5xarctan(3x) Power Series

    Homework Statement The function f(x)=5xarctan(3x) is represented as a power series. Find the first few coefficients in the power series. Homework Equations The power series is represented in the form sum(Cn*x^n) The Attempt at a Solution I've attempted to write the function as an...
  48. S

    Power Series Help: Find Coefficients & Radius of Convergence for 4x/(7+x)

    f(x)=4x/(7+x). Find the first few coefficients and radius of convergence sum (n=0 to infinity) CnX^n The Attempt at a Solution I set up the equation into the form of a power series and got: (-1)^n*(4)^n*(x/7)^(n+1) But that doesn't seem to be right because I can't get the...
  49. G

    Gaah finding a power series out of a function

    1. Express the function as the sum of a power series by first using partial fractions. Find the interval of convergence. f(x)= (7x-1)/(3x^2 +2x-1) 2. using the fact that 1/(1-x) =\sum from \infty to n=0 of x^n and the interval for convergence of that is (-1,1) 3. I know that...
  50. A

    Radius & Interval of Convergence for Power Series

    Homework Statement Find the radius and interval of convergence for the following power series. \sum_{n = 2}^{\infty}\frac {(1 + 2cos\frac {\pi n}{4})^n}{lnn}x^n The Attempt at a Solution R = \frac {1}{\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sqrt [n]{\frac {(1 + 2cos\frac {\pi n}{4})^n}{lnn}}}...
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