A dilemma with stereochemistry

In summary, the conversation discusses the different options for compounds that exhibit geometrical isomerism and potential confusion surrounding their structures. The first and third options both show geometrical isomerism, with the first also having a chiral carbon and the third having a chiral bond between two rings. The fourth option involves cis and trans arrangements of methyl groups.
  • #1
Gourab_chill
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Homework Statement
See the question below.
Relevant Equations
--no equations--
Capture.PNG

The answer to this question are the ones I've marked as shown above.
But I'm confused as to how?
The first option is okay since it has a chiral carbon with no plane or line of symmetry and shows geometric isomerism too.
In the third option, the compound shows Geometrical isomerism but i fail to find a chiral carbon- then how can it show optical isomerism?
And as for the last option, i can't make head or tail of how it shows geometrical isomerism.
 
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  • #2
No.3: the chirality is about the ring-ring bond. The planes of the two rings are perpendicular, and the bulky ortho substituents prevent rotation about this bond. Because of the unsymmetrical substitution pattern, the two mirror-image arrangements can't be superimposed.
no.4: the two methyl groups may be cis or trans relative to each other.
 
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1. What is stereochemistry?

Stereochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within molecules. It focuses on the spatial arrangement of atoms and the effects of this arrangement on the physical and chemical properties of a molecule.

2. What is a stereochemical dilemma?

A stereochemical dilemma refers to a situation where two or more stereoisomers of a molecule have similar or identical physical and chemical properties, making it difficult to distinguish between them. This can lead to challenges in accurately determining the structure of a molecule.

3. How does stereochemistry affect drug development?

Stereochemistry plays a crucial role in drug development as the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can greatly impact its biological activity and potential side effects. Therefore, understanding stereochemistry is essential in designing and creating effective and safe drugs.

4. What are the different types of stereoisomers?

The two main types of stereoisomers are geometric isomers and optical isomers. Geometric isomers have the same molecular formula and connectivity, but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms due to restricted rotation around a double bond or ring. Optical isomers, also known as enantiomers, have the same molecular formula and connectivity, but are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed.

5. How can stereochemistry be determined experimentally?

Stereochemistry can be determined experimentally through various techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. These techniques provide information about the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, allowing for the determination of its stereochemistry.

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