To calculate velocity and position from a time-varying force, the equations v(t)=∫a(t)dt and r(t)=∫v(t)dt are used, with acceleration defined as a(t)=f/m. The integration of the given acceleration function a(t) results in a velocity function that includes constants of integration, c1 and c2. These constants can be eliminated using initial conditions, specifically setting the initial position at the origin and assuming an initial velocity of zero. If the initial velocity is not specified, it can be represented as v_1i + v_2j, allowing for the constants to be replaced with these variables. This approach ensures a manageable solution without excessive undefined variables.