Electron in the double-slit experiment

[Jens Lundell]

Newbie here: Is the (single) electron leaving the "machine" in the famous double-slit experiment the same one hitting the screen? Please give a short explanation on how this is proved, thank you.

 

[PeroK]

Electrons are indistiguishable. There is no way to mark, label or number an electron to distinguish it from others. Technically, therefore, all you know is that an electron left the machine and an electron hit the screen. In fact, it would make no sense to ask if it was "the same electron".

 

[Jens Lundell]

Electrons are indistiguishable. There is no way to mark, label or number an electron to distinguish it from others. Technically, therefore, all you know is that an electron left the machine and an electron hit the screen. In fact, it would make no sense to ask if it was "the same electron".

Thank you for the fast answer. But isn't this huge, the fact that we don't really know if the electron we fired is the one hitting the screen??

 

[PeroK]

Thank you for the fast answer. But isn't this huge, the fact that we don't really know if the electron we fired is the one hitting the screen??

It's not that we don't know (whether it's the same electron), it's that it doesn't make sense to ask the question.

 

[Jens Lundell]

It's not that we don't know (whether it's the same electron), it's that it doesn't make sense to ask the question.

I recognize this type of answer from somewhere. But I'll play along: why does it not make sense to ask the question? :)

 

[PeroK]

I recognize this type of answer from somewhere. But I'll play along: why does it not make sense to ask the question? :)

It's not a question of playing along. All elementary particles, by virtue of what they are, cannot be changed or marked or numbered in any way. The reason you can identify, say, one pool ball from another is that you can change each ball (paint a number on it) and it's still a pool ball.

Even if you could paint a number on an electron, it would no longer be an electron. If you, say, attach a proton to it, then it becomes a hydrogen atom. And all hydrogen atoms are likewise indistinguishable.

All you can ever know about an electon is that it is an electron. You cannot identify it further in any way.

The indistinguishability of electrons is, in fact, at the root of all chemistry, so it is of physically fundamental importance.

 

[Jens Lundell]

It's not a question of playing along. All elementary particles, by virtue of what they are, cannot be changed or marked or numbered in any way. The reason you can identify, say, one pool ball from another is that you can change each ball (paint a number on it) and it's still a pool ball.

Even if you could paint a number on an electron, it would no longer be an electron. If you, say, attach it to a proton to it, then it becomes a hydrogen atom. And all hydrogen atoms are likewise indistinguishable.

All you can ever know about an electon is that it is an electron. You cannot identify it further in any way.

The indistinguishability of electrons is, in fact, at the root of all chemistry, so it is of physically fundamental importance.

Thank you again. I was thinking about the fact that the fired electron takes all possible trajectories simultaneously before hitting the screen. Instead of saying this, could it maybe be that the fired electron is not taking all the trajectories simultaneously, but rather "bumping" all the other electorns in its straight path, where the last bumped electron hit the screen? Something like the pool ball hitting the other ones and another ball ends up in the pocket. I am starting to feel like there is holes to my theory but I'll still post it so maybe you can add/contract from it. :)

 

[PeroK]

Thank you again. I was thinking about the fact that the fired electron takes all possible trajectories simultaneously before hitting the screen. Instead of saying this, could it maybe be that the fired electron is not taking all the trajectories simultaneously, but rather "bumping" all the other electorns in its straight path, where the last bumped electron hit the screen? Something like the pool ball hitting the other ones and another ball ends up in the pocket. I am starting to feel like there is holes to my theory but I'll still post it so maybe you can add/contract from it. :)

What do you mean by the electron takes all possible trajectories simultaneously? Do you think it decides where on the screen it wants to hit first, then gets there by all possible trajectories? Or, if it sets out on all possible trajectories, how does it decide where to hit the screen?

 

[mikeyork]

Electrons are indistiguishable. There is no way to mark, label or number an electron to distinguish it from others. Technically, therefore, all you know is that an electron left the machine and an electron hit the screen.

Agreed.

In fact, it would make no sense to ask if it was "the same electron".

Not agreed. If electron emission is slowed down so that each electron is individually detected then it makes perfect sense to think it might be the "same" electron as was emitted if we had detected that electron at emission without significantly disturbing its flight. It doesn't guarantee it, of course, because it might have been annihilated and replaced en route.

So, in the sense of the OP, where he is contrasting the idea of a single electron to multiple collisions and "bumping" electrons, I think we can say quite clearly that their idea would be inconsistent with a tightly constrained momentum state (and interference pattern) and they should definitely prefer the notion of the "same" electron..

I think this illustrates how careful we must be with our language when we stray from mathematics.

 

[Jens Lundell]

What do you mean by the electron takes all possible trajectories simultaneously? Do you think it decides where on the screen it wants to hit first, then gets there by all possible trajectories? Or, if it sets out on all possible trajectories, how does it decide where to hit the screen?

What do you mean by the electron takes all possible trajectories simultaneously? Do you think it decides where on the screen it wants to hit first, then gets there by all possible trajectories? Or, if it sets out on all possible trajectories, how does it decide where to hit the screen?

I am reading Brian Greene's book "the elegant universe". In there he writes about the Feynmans double-slit experiment and uncertainty principle. Under a figure (which I don't know how to insert, but it is only showing a scematic picture of a standard double-slit experiment) it says:

"According to Feynman's formulation of quantum mechanics, particles must be viewed as
travelling from one location to another along every possible path. Here, a few of the infinity of
trajectories for a single electron traveling from the source to the phosphorescent screen are shown.
Notice that this one electron actually goes through both slits."

So it says that the electorn goes through both slits and every possible path simultaneously before hitting the screen. This is impossible for me to wrap my head around, that it takes every possible path at the same time! So I was thinking maybe it doesn't? That the electron hitting the screen is not the one that left the gun? Again, please keep in mind that I am very new to physics and may have misunderstood the whole thing.

 

[mike1000]

Agreed.

Not agreed. If electron emission is slowed down so that each electron is individually detected then it makes perfect sense to think it might be the "same" electron as was emitted if we had detected that electron at emission without significantly disturbing its flight. It doesn't guarantee it, of course, because it might have been annihilated and replaced en route.

So, in the sense of the OP, where he is contrasting the idea of a single electron to multiple collisions and "bumping" electrons, I think we can say quite clearly that their idea would be inconsistent with a tightly constrained momentum state (and interference pattern) and they should definitely prefer the notion of the "same" electron..

I think this illustrates how careful we must be with our language when we stray from mathematics.

I hope I am not changing the subject too much...but in that experiment is the electrons momentum presumed to be well known, ie, in the preparation state the electrons momentum is placed in a well defined state? (If it is too much off topic I understand if this post is deleted)

 

[mikeyork]

I hope I am not changing the subject too much...but in that experiment is the electrons momentum presumed to be well known, ie, in the preparation state the electrons momentum is placed in a well defined state? (If it is too much off topic I understand if this post is deleted)

The OP's context was an interference experiment which implies a closely defined momentum.

 

[PeroK]

I am reading Brian Greene's book "the elegant universe". In there he writes about the Feynmans double-slit experiment and uncertainty principle. Under a figure (which I don't know how to insert, but it is only showing a scematic picture of a standard double-slit experiment) it says:

"According to Feynman's formulation of quantum mechanics, particles must be viewed as
travelling from one location to another along every possible path. Here, a few of the infinity of
trajectories for a single electron traveling from the source to the phosphorescent screen are shown.
Notice that this one electron actually goes through both slits."

So it says that the electorn goes through both slits and every possible path simultaneously before hitting the screen. This is impossible for me to wrap my head around, that it takes every possible path at the same time! So I was thinking maybe it doesn't? That the electron hitting the screen is not the one that left the gun? Again, please keep in mind that I am very new to physics and may have misunderstood the whole thing.

No, you haven't misunderstood. But, Brian Greene is being very imprecise. The only way you can know where an electron is at any time is to measure it. If you don't measure an electron until it hits the screen, then you cannot say how it got there (in terms of a classical trajectory). The Feynman formulation provides a way to calculate the probability of where on the screen the electron hits by considering all possiblities. But, in fact, it's evolution of the electron's wave-function which is considered.

In particular, you can never say an electron went through both slits unless you looked for it at both slits and then you would find it only went through one.

 

[Jens Lundell]

No, you haven't misunderstood. But, Brian Greene is being very imprecise. The only way you can know where an electron is at any time is to measure it. If you don't measure an electron until it hits the screen, then you cannot say how it got there (in terms of a classical trajectory). The Feynman formulation provides a way to calculate the probability of where on the screen the electron hits by considering all possiblities. But, in fact, it's evolution of the electron's wave-function which is considered.

In particular, you can never say an electron went through both slits unless you looked for it at both slits and then you would find it only goes through one.

Okay? So why does he write it like this then? Is it a "popular writing" thing?

Another thing about the uncertainty principle. Could it be that it is uncertain where exactly the electron will hit the screen, because an electron spins around an atom and if it is "to the left" of an atom at the point it hits the screen, then it will hit to the left of an imagimanry centre point on the screen? The center point meaning an imaginary straight line between the gun and screen which ends in a point on the screen where the electro should hit when fired.

 

[PeroK]

Okay? So why does he write it like this then? Is it a "popular writing" thing?

Yes, partly because even mention of the wave-function requires more time and effort, so it's easier just to talk about the particle. And, partly, perhaps because it sounds interesting and exciting to think of an electron taking an infinite number of paths simultaneously.

Another thing about the uncertainty principle. Could it be that it is uncertain where exactly the electron will hit the screen, because an electron spins around an atom and if it is "to the left" of an atom at the point it hits the screen, then it will hit to the left of an imagimanry centre point on the screen? The center point meaning an imaginary straight line between the gun and screen which ends in a point on the screen where the electro should hit when fired.

No, nothing like this. You could try watching the Feynman lecture here:

http://www.cornell.edu/video/richard-feynman-messenger-lecture-6-probability-uncertainty-quantum-mechanical-view-nature

 

[Jens Lundell]

Yes, partly because even mention of the wave-function requires more time and effort, so it's easier just to talk about the particle. And, partly, perhaps because it sounds interesting and exciting to think of an electron taking an infinite number of paths simultaneously.
No, nothing like this. You could try watching the Feyman lecture here:

http://www.cornell.edu/video/richard-feynman-messenger-lecture-6-probability-uncertainty-quantum-mechanical-view-nature

All right I'll give it a go. Thanks for the help :)

 

[mike1000]

In particular, you can never say an electron went through both slits unless you looked for it at both slits and then you would find it only went through one.

If we don't look for it at either slit can we say it went through both slits? If I did say that, would I be right or would I be wrong?

I think I know the answer to this, and that is the wave function has not collapsed so therefore, the electron did go through both slits. Why doesn't going through the slit(without a detector) collapse the wave function? I think I know the answer to this also...it just doesn't. When we do the experiment, that is what we observe. We have a theory that matches observations and agrees with experiment but does not really tell us a whole lot of what is fundamentally taking place, or if it is telling us what is fundamentally taking place, we don't understand it yet.

 

[mikeyork]

If we don't look for it at either slit can we say it went through both slits? If I did say that, would I be right or would I be wrong?

Wrong. We just don't know which slit it went through. Uncertainty in QM is expressed as "superpositions". So, without having detectors at the slits, we have what is effectively a superposition of "slit states" imposed on the superposition of impact locations at the screen and this results in additive/cancelling terms in the projections onto impact locations. This looks like "interference" because the addition/cancellation is done before computing the intensity at the screen rather than after.

I think I know the answer to this, and that is the wave function has not collapsed so therefore, the electron did go through both slits. Why doesn't going through the slit(without a detector) collapse the wave function? I think I know the answer to this also...it just doesn't. When we do the experiment, that is what we observe. We have a theory that matches observations and agrees with experiment but does not really tell us a whole lot of what is fundamentally taking place, or if it is telling us what is fundamentally taking place, we don't understand it yet.

IMO you would do better to forget about wave-functions entirely. Think of superpositions instead. You may not understand everything, but you'll be nearer to how physicists think through the math.

 

[Nugatory]

I Why doesn't going through the slit(without a detector) collapse the wave function? I think I know the answer to this also...it just doesn't.

The quick response is that of course we know - if there's no detector to interact with, then there's no interaction to decohere the wave function. A good layman-friendly reference would be David Lindley's book "Where does the weirdness go?".

The longer answer is that the question is poorly formed because wavefunction collapse is not a required concept in quantum mechanics. It is something that appears in some interpretations (that is, suggestions/opinions about what is really going on) of quantum mechanics but doesn't appear in the mathematical formalism, and the more you study QM the less helpful you will find it.

 

[mikeyork]

if there's no detector to interact with, then there's no interaction

I don't think that is quite right. I think it's another example of the problem of translating math into physics. It seems clear to me that the electron interacts with the slit -- it produces (single slit) electron diffraction for instance and this one reason why the observer/collapse scenario is problematic. The difference a detector makes is that the information is recorded. One of the abiding principles of physics that seems to hold up in a QM context is that nature doesn't seek to deceive us. Once information is available and recorded so that it can be subsequently read then any future observations must be consistent with that unless the information is lost (e.g. by a quantum eraser).

 

[edguy99]

Sometimes it helps to view an actual experiment.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018/meta

You can read how they prepare and measure the electrons. I especially like this picture. The top left corner shows how much of the double slit is exposed compared to what type of pattern is seen. You can see the diffraction pattern even when there is only one slit open (picture marked P1 or P2) compared to when both are open (pciture marked P12).

 

[PeterDonis]

I am reading Brian Greene's book "the elegant universe".

This is a pop science book and is not an acceptable source. You need to look at actual textbooks or peer-reviewed papers. IIRC the Feynman Lectures on Physics (which are now available for free online at Caltech's website) have a good treatment of this experiment.

 

[Comeback City]

This is a pop science book and is not an acceptable source. You need to look at actual textbooks or peer-reviewed papers. IIRC the Feynman Lectures on Physics (which are now available for free online at Caltech's website) have a good treatment of this experiment.

Would Feynman' QED be considered an acceptable source?

 

[vanhees71]

If you mean

R. P. Feynman, Quantum Electrodynamics, Perseus Books (1998)

then yes.

 

[mike1000]

Sometimes it helps to view an actual experiment.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018/meta

You can read how they prepare and measure the electrons. I especially like this picture. The top left corner shows how much of the double slit is exposed compared to what type of pattern is seen. You can see the diffraction pattern even when there is only one slit open (picture marked P1 or P2) compared to when both are open (pciture marked P12).

First, thank you for this.

If they would have put detectors at each slit would the diffraction patterns have been observed on the detection screen?

Also, is the observed scatter of electron positions on the detection screen caused by the uncertainty in the electrons momentum which was inducted when the experiment attempted to localize the particle when it went through the slit?

I am saying it like this because I am trying to figure out if I am thinking about it properly. Feel free to tell me that I am not.

 

[PeterDonis]

Would Feynman' QED be considered an acceptable source?

Not if you mean QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. (Which is not to say that is not a good book--it is one of the best pop science treatments out there, IMO. But it's still not a textbook or peer-reviewed paper.) But if you mean the textbook vanhees71 referred to, then yes.

 

[Comeback City]

QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter

This was the one I was referring to.

 

[entropy1]

I don't think that is quite right. I think it's another example of the problem of translating math into physics. It seems clear to me that the electron interacts with the slit -- it produces (single slit) electron diffraction for instance and this one reason why the observer/collapse scenario is problematic. The difference a detector makes is that the information is recorded. One of the abiding principles of physics that seems to hold up in a QM context is that nature doesn't seek to deceive us. Once information is available and recorded so that it can be subsequently read then any future observations must be consistent with that unless the information is lost (e.g. by a quantum eraser).

I would phrase that in that it depends which information is taken into account. A (delayed) quantum eraser can output an interference pattern simultaneously with a non-interfering pattern. It depends on which data you use.

 

[mikeyork]

I would phrase that in that it depends which information is taken into account. A (delayed) quantum eraser can output an interference pattern simultaneously with a non-interfering pattern. It depends on which data you use.

But it doesn't depend on what data a human uses, it depends on what data is recorded by the apparatus, hasn't been erased and is relevant at the screen. Think of it as the detector and/or eraser as modifying the prepared state that is subsequently detected at the screen.

 

[bhobba]

If we don't look for it at either slit can we say it went through both slits? If I did say that, would I be right or would I be wrong?

Yes and no. You see QM is a theory about observations that occur here in a commonsense classical world.

Whats going on when not observed is anyone's guess - saying it went through a slit, both slits etc the theory is silent about.

But we have these things called interpretations. According to the sum over history interpretation of Feynman it went through both slits.

For a better take than the usual spiel about waves, going through both slits etc (still not perfect though) see the following about the double slit:
http://cds.cern.ch/record/1024152/files/0703126.pdf

Thanks
Bill

 

[ueit]

I think we can say at this time, with a high degree of confidence, that in a double slit experiment the electron passes through one slit. This experiment has been reproduced at macroscopic scale by Yves Couder and Emmanuel Fort. Take a look at this article:

Single-Particle Diffraction and Interference at a Macroscopic Scale
Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 154101 – Published 13 October 2006

https://hekla.ipgp.fr/IMG/pdf/Couder-Fort_PRL_2006.pdfThe relevance of Couder's experiment to quantum mechanics is theoretically justified here:

Emergence of Quantum Mechanics from a Sub-Quantum Statistical Mechanics
Gerhard Grössing, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 28, 1450179 (2014)

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.3719.pdf

A movie depicting the experiment can be found here:



Too bad Feynman didn't live to see this.

Andrei

 

[edguy99]

If they would have put detectors at each slit would the diffraction patterns have been observed on the detection screen?

That would be a great experiment to see.

Also, is the observed scatter of electron positions on the detection screen caused by the uncertainty in the electrons momentum which was inducted when the experiment attempted to localize the particle when it went through the slit?

The phase of the electron is what causes the pattern. The wavelength of an electron (how quickly the pattern repeats) is a function of the speed of the electron. Think of the electron as going through periodic changes as it flies through space. How much it "diffracts" around corners is a function of the "phase" (where it is in the wave function) of that electron.

 

[Nugatory]

I think we can say at this time, with a high degree of confidence, that in a double slit experiment the electron passes through one slit. This experiment has been reproduced at macroscopic scale by Yves Couder and Emmanuel Fort.

That is not in any meaningful sense a "reproduction" of the quantum-mechanical double-slit. It's a completely different physical system governed by completely different physical laws and that happens to display interestingly similar behavior so is interesting as an analogy. Considering the ubiquity of the wave equation in physics, it is not surprising that such analogies exist - but an analogy is never the real thing. Thus, you may feel a high degree of confidence, but you shouldn't expect others to share it.

The relevance of Couder's experiment to quantum mechanics is theoretically justified here:

"Justification" is also much too strong of a claim. There's nothing wrong with Grössing's suggestion that quantum mechanics might emerge from a realistic non-local hidden variable theory of the sort that he is considering (although without a candidate theory there's only so far it can be taken), and Couder's analogy suggests one picture of what such a theory might look like. But that's not a theoretical justification, it's an idea about one possible area of exploration.

 

[ueit]

That is not in any meaningful sense a "reproduction" of the quantum-mechanical double-slit. It's a completely different physical system governed by completely different physical laws and that happens to display interestingly similar behavior so is interesting as an analogy. Considering the ubiquity of the wave equation in physics, it is not surprising that such analogies exist - but an analogy is never the real thing. Thus, you may feel a high degree of confidence, but you shouldn't expect others to share it.

I think you are downplaying this a lot. Sure, interference experiments based on waves have been performed since Newton's time, but this is the first experiment to show interference effects with single particles outside quantum physics. Feynman thought it was impossible to imagine a classical mechanism for obtaining such a result, yet there it is.

"Justification" is also much too strong of a claim. There's nothing wrong with Grössing's suggestion that quantum mechanics might emerge from a realistic non-local hidden variable theory of the sort that he is considering (although without a candidate theory there's only so far it can be taken), and Couder's analogy suggests one picture of what such a theory might look like. But that's not a theoretical justification, it's an idea about one possible area of exploration.

I was under the impression that Grössing's proposal is local after all and what he calls "systemic nonlocality" does only refer to the influence of boundary conditions upon the particle. But it seems you are right, so I will retract my claim regarding the importance of his work in regards to Couder's experiments.