Understanding Trampoline Physics for 2D Simulations

[Sveno]

Hello,

I want to write code for a 2D trampoline simulation and try to understand the physics behind it.

After a lot of googling, I think I understand the whole stuff regarding potential/kinetic energy etc.

However, every explanation I found makes the simplifying assumption that the trampoline can be modeled by a spring and that a jumper lands exactly on the center of the trampoline.

However, how can I model that an object does not land exactly on the center? For example, I would expect that if a ball lands on the left of a trampoline, the force that bounces it back is directed to the right with another amplitude then it would be the case if the ball landed in the center.

I relly hope you can help me with this and provide me with some clarifying formulas or links.

Thanks in advance
Sven

 

[rcgldr]

Most trampolines tend to bounce objects nearly straight up even if they bounce off center. A person can bounce vertically near the edge of a trampoline bed without have to to make any noticable corrections.

 

[CWatters]

Perhaps start by treating the trampoline as one long horizontal spring and one short horizontal spring to model an off centre point. What happens if a ball dropped is dropped onto that point and sticks to it? See if the ball continue to descend vertically or does the imbalance of the springs pull it sideways?

 

[tycoon515]

Let's analyze the forces acting on an object that falls onto a trampoline:
Suppose we have a trampoline, of width $w$, with elastic properties similar to a spring of spring constant $k$ with its left edge situated at a fixed point, $A$, and its right edge situated at a fixed point, $B$. An object lands on the trampoline at a horizontal distance $x$ from the left edge at an initial height, $h$_$i$ and depresses the trampoline vertically to a final height, $h$_$f$. If we take the distance depressed to be infinitesimally small, that is $Δh→0$, then we can obtain an accurate model for the forces in action right when the object hits the trampoline. If rest position is taken to be when the trampoline is horizontal, then the rest length of the left spring is $x$ and the rest length of the right spring is $w-x$.

After the point on the trampoline where the object lands is depressed a displacement $Δh$, the left spring now forms the hypotenuse of a triangle with an adjacent (surface) length of $x$ and an opposite (depth) length of $Δh$, so its new length is $\sqrt{}(x$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$. Likewise, the right spring now forms the hypotenuse of a triangle with an adjacent (surface) length of $w-x$ and an opposite (depth) length of $dh$, so its new length is $\sqrt{}((w-x)$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$.

In order to find the forces these springs exert, notice that each spring undergoes a stretch, $Δl$ equal to the difference of its stretched- and rest-state lengths:
The left spring undegoes a stretch, $Δl$_$l$ $=\sqrt{}(x$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)-x$.
The right spring undergoes a stretch, $Δl$_$r$ $=\sqrt{}((w-x)$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)-(w-x)$.

Now, applying Hooke's Law, $F=-kΔl$, and that both springs have identical spring constants:
The left spring exerts an elastic pull force on the object, $F$_$l$, equal to $kΔl$_$l$ along its stretched axis away from the object and toward $A$.
Similarly, the right spring exerts an elastic pull force on the object, $F$_$r$, equal to $kΔl$_$r$ along its stretched axis away from the object and toward $B$.

Now examine the forces acting on the object by breaking them down into x- and y-components:
To get the x- and y-components of these forces, consider that the force vector of a spring, $F$, is aligned along the spring in its stretched state, which is the resultant (i.e. the hypotenuse) of a force triangle with horizontal and vertical components, so a ratio of sidelengths can be used to find the x- and y-components of both force vectors.
The x-component forces acting on the object are the x-components of the two elastic pull forces:
$F$_$xl$ $= F$_$l$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $x$ $/\sqrt{}(x$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$
$F$_$xr$ $= F$_$r$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $(w-x)$ $/\sqrt{}((w-x)$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$
The sum of the x-component forces acting on the object, $∑F$_$x$, equals the force acting to the right minus the force acting to the left,
$F$_$xr$$-F$_$xl$ $= F$_$r$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $(w-x)$ $/\sqrt{}((w-x)$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$ [itex][/itex] $-$ [itex][/itex] $F$_$l$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $x$ $/\sqrt{}(x$[itex][/itex]^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$
The y-component forces acting on the object are the y-components of the two elastic pull forces and gravity:
$F$_$yl$ $= F$_$l$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $Δh$ $/\sqrt{}(x$^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$
$F$_$yr$ $= F$_$r$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $Δh$ $/\sqrt{}((w-x)$^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$
$W$_$object$ $=M$_$object$ [itex][/itex]X $g$
The sum of the y-component forces acting on the object, $∑F$_$y$, equals the forces acting up minus the force acting down,
$F$_$yl$ $+$ $F$_$yr$ $-$ $W$_$object$ $= F$_$l$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $Δh$ $/\sqrt{}(x$^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$ + $F$_$r$ [itex][/itex] X [itex][/itex] $Δh$ $/\sqrt{}((w-x)$^$2$$+(Δh)$^$2$$)$ $-$ $M$_$object$ [itex][/itex]X $g$

Let's say your trampoline is $5$ $m$ wide, and its bed can be represented by springs with $k=2000$ $N/m$. You push down vertically $1$ $m$ from the right edge of the bed, depressing the surface $.2$ $m$. The left spring has gone from a rest length of $4$ $m$ to a stretched length of
$\sqrt{}((4$ $m)$^$2$ $+ (.2$ $m)$^$2$$) ≈$ $4.005$ $m$, so it has stretched approximately $.005$ $m$, and it now exerts an elastic pull force on your hand approximately equal to $.005$ $m$ X $2000$ $N/m$ $=$ $10$ $N$ toward the point where the left edge of the bed is attached to the trampoline frame. The right spring has gone from a rest length of $1$ $m$ to a stretched length of $\sqrt{}((1$ $m)$^$2$ $+ (.2$ $m)$^$2$$) ≈$ $1.020$ $m$, so it has stretched approximately $.020$ $m$, and it now exerts an elastic pull force on your hand approximately equal to $.020$ $m$ X $2000$ $N/m$ $=$ $40$ $N$ toward the point where the right edge of the bed is attached to the trampoline frame. Both of these force vectors point diagonally up and away from each other. The ratio of the x-component of the left force vector to its resultant is $4/\sqrt{}(4$^$2$$+(.02)$^$2$$)$ $≈$ $1$, and the ratio of the x-component of the right force vector to its resultant is $1/\sqrt{}(1$^$2$$+(.02)$^$2$$)$ $≈$ $1$, so the x-components of these vectors are pretty much equal to the values of the vectors themselves. Therefore, the right spring pulls with approximately $40$ $N$ of force to the right, and the left spring pulls with approximately $10$ $N$ of force to the left, so the net horizontal force acting on your hand is approximately $30$ $N$ to the right. The vertical components of the elastic pull forces both pull up on your hand.
The ratio of the y-component of the left force vector to its resultant is $.2/\sqrt{}(4$^$2$$+(.02)$^$2$$)$ $≈$ $.050$, and the ratio of the y-component of the right force vector to its resultant is $.2/\sqrt{}(1$^$2$$+(.02)$^$2$$)$ $≈$ $.200$. So the left spring exerts a vertical force of $10$ $N$ X $.050$ $≈$ $.5$ $N$, and the right spring exerts a vertical force of $40$ $N$ X $.200$ $≈$ $8$ $N$, so in order to keep your hand where it is, you must push down with approximately $8.5$ $N$ of force and to the left with approximately $30$ $N$ of force.

However, an object that falls onto a trampoline cannot push to the left or to the right, so its horizontal motion depends entirely on how the "springs" behave. So if you fall onto the bed of a trampoline closer to one edge of the bed, your horizontal motion will be in the direction of that edge as you depress the bed, and once you reach your minimum height, the bed will rebound, pulling you back up and away from the edge and toward the center, so the answer to your question is that you will get launched back toward the center, though this effect probably won't be very noticeable on a real trampoline unless the bed is highly elastic (like a spring). Even then, the effect will be very minimal since most jumpers will not displace the bed surface anywhere near $.2$ $m$; however, these parameters are up to you. Have fun with your simulation.

 

[PJC01]

Hello Sven,

I can understand your interest in understanding the physics behind trampoline simulations. To accurately model the behavior of a trampoline in a 2D simulation, it is important to consider the various forces acting on the object and how they change with different landing positions.

Firstly, it is important to note that a trampoline is not just a simple spring, but a complex system involving multiple springs and a flexible surface. Therefore, the force exerted on an object landing on the trampoline will not be a simple function of its distance from the center, but will depend on the stiffness and geometry of the trampoline as well.

To accurately model the behavior of an object landing on a trampoline, you will need to take into account the following forces:

1. Weight: The weight of the object will always act downward and will remain constant throughout the simulation.

2. Spring force: This is the force exerted by the springs in the trampoline as they compress or stretch in response to the weight of the object. The magnitude and direction of this force will depend on the stiffness of the springs and the distance of the object from the center of the trampoline.

3. Air resistance: As the object bounces on the trampoline, it will experience air resistance which will act in the opposite direction to its motion. The magnitude of this force will depend on the speed and surface area of the object.

4. Friction: The surface of the trampoline will also exert a frictional force on the object as it bounces. This force will act in the opposite direction to the motion of the object and its magnitude will depend on the materials of the trampoline and the object.

To accurately model the behavior of an object landing on a trampoline, you will need to use equations that take into account all of these forces and their varying magnitudes and directions depending on the position of the object. I suggest looking into the equations for Newton's laws of motion and Hooke's law, which describe the relationship between force, mass, acceleration, and displacement.

Additionally, it may be helpful to look into existing trampoline simulations and their code to get a better understanding of how these forces are incorporated into the simulation. I hope this helps and good luck with your simulation!

Best,