Vacuum / Electron Tubes and X-rays

In summary, some vacuum tubes, such as radio tubes, are capable of generating X-rays when enough voltage is applied to their plates. However, not all vacuum tubes will produce X-rays, as it depends on the voltage and type of tube. The 802 pentode tube, commonly used for RF transmitting and amplifying, will not work for X-ray imaging due to its large anode size, gassy state, and low voltage ionization. X-ray safety should also be taken into consideration when working with vacuum tubes that generate X-rays.
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BetaZeta2016
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I've read that if you apply enough voltage to the plate of certain types of tubes, they will generate a fairly good amount of X-rays (even more so if the cathode is hot) -- I even read about a guy who managed to take relatively detailed radiographs of random objects using a standard, run-of-the-mill radio tube.

This makes sense, since that's basically how an actual modern x-ray tube works.
But will ANY vacuum tube generate x-rays? For example, I have a pentode, model 802, used for RF transmitting/amplifying applications...
Data on it can be found here: http://www.radiomuseum.org/tubes/tube_802.htmlThe reason I'm asking is because I do have a high voltage source which is the plasma globe that sits on the computer desk.
Will the vacuum generate x-rays if it's brought close the globe, due to the high alternating voltage being produced?
 
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How much do you know about x-ray safety?
 
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BetaZeta2016 said:
But will ANY vacuum tube generate x-rays?
When an electron is accelerated by a voltage of 1 kV it gains a kinetic energy of 1 keV. When it hits a heavy target, that energy is released as a photon. The photon energy of soft x-rays is centred on about 1 keV. Vacuum tubes that operate on voltages above about 200V can be expected to generate soft x-rays.

The photon energy of the hard x-rays that are used for imaging is between 10 keV and 100 keV. The cathode ray tubes once used in TV screens needed lead glass shielding because the accelerator voltages were in the 10's of kV range.
You need to avoid exposure to x-rays that are generated by voltages above 500 volts.

The resolution of an imaging system is about the same as the size of the anode target. The size of the anode is very large in the 802, so it would generate a very diffuse source of x-ray radiation. Any x-rays generated by the 802 will need to pass through the metal anode material, and then the glass, to escape the tube.

An old 802 tube will now be gassy and so ionise at a low voltage. That will limit the voltage available to accelerate electrons. When a high current flows through the 802 tube, the anode will glow red hot and so melt the glass and suck in the envelope.

In short, for many reasons, an 802 will not work for x-ray imaging.
 
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1. What is a vacuum tube and how does it work?

A vacuum tube is a glass or metal enclosure that contains a vacuum and is used to control and amplify electrical signals. Inside the tube, there are electrodes that emit and control the flow of electrons. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, it creates a flow of electrons from the negatively charged cathode to the positively charged anode, allowing for the amplification of electrical signals.

2. What is the purpose of using a vacuum in vacuum tubes?

The vacuum inside a vacuum tube is essential for its function. It allows for the electrons to travel freely without being hindered by air molecules. This results in a more efficient and accurate flow of electrons, making the tube more reliable and long-lasting.

3. How are vacuum tubes used in X-ray machines?

Vacuum tubes are used in X-ray machines to generate X-rays. The cathode emits a stream of electrons, which are then accelerated towards the anode, causing them to collide with a metal target. This collision produces X-rays, which are then directed towards the patient's body to create an image. Vacuum tubes are also used in X-ray detectors to amplify the signal and produce a clearer image.

4. What is the difference between cathode ray tubes and vacuum tubes?

Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and vacuum tubes are essentially the same technology, with the main difference being their purpose. CRTs are used to create images on screens, such as in old television sets, while vacuum tubes have a broader range of applications, including amplifying electrical signals and generating X-rays.

5. What are the advantages of using vacuum tubes over solid-state electronics?

There are several advantages of using vacuum tubes over solid-state electronics. Vacuum tubes can handle high power and voltage levels, making them more suitable for applications that require high amplification. They are also more resistant to damage from heat and radiation, making them ideal for use in X-ray machines. Additionally, vacuum tubes have a longer lifespan and can be easily repaired, whereas solid-state electronics are often more complex and difficult to repair.

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