Why are Biological Materials easily broken despite being very strong?

In summary, the conversation discusses the strength characteristics of biological materials such as Type I Collagen, bones, and skin. While these materials have impressive strength compared to steels, they can still be easily broken or cut in day to day circumstances. The reason for this is that their strength is relative to their weight and their shape and structure have not evolved to resist sharp implements.
  • #1
TheShermanTanker
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I just wanted to ask something that's being bugging me for quite a while now, if you don't mind. In standard testing, Biological Materials often are found to have impressive strength characteristics, for example, both Type I Collagen, the supporting protein of muscle (And I think Skin as well), as well as medium sized bones, have strength characteristics that can rival that of several steels, barring the highest quality steel types and alloys, with bone only being defeated by extremely high quality Titanium Alloys. Yet bone can be broken rather easily in falls, as well as be cleanly sliced (Doesn't even provide some resistance which would have resulted in the bone fracturing open after repeated hacking attempts rather than instantly being cut in half in one clean slice straight through) by sharp implements like swords and cleavers and knives (This has been done in several competitions as well as in your kitchen of course), while Skin barely fares well against your kitchen knife and basically anything you use to cut food, and muscle provides basically no resistance to pure blunt compression forces or sharp forces at all (As a more gruesome example predators and even swarms of ants are always able to break open skin and flesh of dead animals and eat them, no matter how tough the creature seems to be). Given how science is often fascinated by how well biological materials perform strength wise, and many applications from mimicking the structure of said materials have been found, why do Biological Materials seem to perform so poorly in day to day circumstances when they have such impressive all round strength characteristics?
 
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  • #2
Biological materials often have good strength to weight ratios, which is different from absolute strength. And it's not only about the material, but the shape and structure. But neither has evolved to provide resistance against "sharp implements like swords and cleavers and knives", because these are rather new.
 
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1. Why are biological materials easily broken?

Biological materials, such as bones and tendons, are made up of organic compounds like collagen and elastin. These materials are strong and flexible, but they are not as strong as inorganic materials like metals. Therefore, they are more susceptible to breaking under stress.

2. How can biological materials be strong if they are easily broken?

While biological materials may be easily broken compared to inorganic materials, they are still considered strong because they can withstand a significant amount of force before breaking. This is due to the unique arrangement of the organic compounds and their ability to deform without fracturing.

3. What factors contribute to the strength of biological materials?

The strength of biological materials is influenced by several factors, including the type and arrangement of the organic compounds, the presence of minerals like calcium and phosphorus, and the overall structure of the material. For example, bones have a complex hierarchical structure that contributes to their strength.

4. Why do some biological materials have different levels of strength?

The strength of biological materials can vary depending on their function and location in the body. For instance, tendons and ligaments have a high tensile strength to withstand the forces of movement, while bones have a high compressive strength to support the weight of the body.

5. Can biological materials be strengthened?

While biological materials are naturally strong, they can also be strengthened through various processes. For example, exercise and proper nutrition can increase bone density, making them stronger. Additionally, researchers are exploring ways to enhance the strength of biological materials through bioengineering techniques.

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