Yeah, gravitational fields do create gravitational waves. They're just not very detectible since gravitational forces are so weak compared to anything else; especially if you're comparing the gravitational force of a binary star system hundreds of light years away to the electrostatic...
i) That's free expansion; It's as if the gas is 'doing work' by pushing a massless piston in space since there's no opposing force as the gas expands.
ii & iii) It's isothermal expansion, so P varies as the volume changes. The equation W = -P ∆V doesn't work anymore and W = -∫ P dv, is used...
If there's no KOH and assuming that there aren't any other bases aside from NaOH in the soap, can't you just test the NaOH directly in dissolved soap without extracting it?
Hi. Yeah, vinegar and baking soda neutralize to produce water, carbon dioxide and sodium acetate. None of these products seem to have any antimicrobial properties, so just baking soda or vinegar by themselves act as the disinfectant. Most common microbes can only survive in a narrow pH range.
That is strange. Either there are matrix influences in your sample or it's just random error. Do all the peaks occur at the same wavelengths for each sample between the different time frames?
A solution of bases extracted from soap will probably end up primarily as a mixture of NaOH and KOH. As Borek mentioned, it's not really possible to tell the difference between different bases, especially in this case since potassium and sodium in solution are so chemically similar to each...
Chlorine had an oxidation state of +1 before the reaction. Afterwards, it is 0. Chlorine gains an electron in the reaction and thus it oxidizes something.
Non-polar solvents do dissolve non-polar solutes because there are enough interactions between them. So on the molecular level, I think of it as solvent-solute 'bonds' forming until the solute molecules are completely surrounded by solvent molecules, pulling the solute into solution.