Well, looking through my sources, i.e. google, I found out that infinitesimals, as usually defined in "non-standard analysis", are "nilpotent", so, it I've understood this right, it changes the derivation to:
y=x^2
y+\mathrm dy = (x+\mathrm dx)^2 \\
y+\mathrm dy = x^2+2x\mathrm...