Likelihood Definition and 116 Threads

In the context of a single phase estimation problem of a quantum photonics experiment. For example consider a 3-photon quantum circuit (such as the Mach-Zehnder which depends on some phase shift operator which encodes a parameter ##\theta##) with a photon counting measurement (two detectors) at...

I am fitting a mass spectrum using pdf(M)=Ns×S(M)+Nb×B(M; a, b) to determine the yield with the extended maximum likelihood fit, where Ns and Nb are the number of signal and background events, S(M) is the function for the signal, B(M;a, b) is the function for the background with parameters a and...

I have a likelihood function that has one global minima, but a lot of local ones too. I attach a figure with the likelihood function in 2D (it has two parameters). I have added a 3D view and a surface view of the likelihood function. I know there are many global optimizers that can be used to...

Hi PF! Given random time series data ##y_i##, we assume the data follows a EWMA (exponential weighted moving average) model: ##\sigma_t^2 = \lambda\sigma_{t-1}^2 + (1-\lambda)y_{t-1}^2## for ##t > 250##, where ##\sigma_t## is the standard deviation, and ##\sigma_{M=250}^2 =...

Hey! :giggle: For $n \in \mathbb{N}$ we consider the discrete statistical product model $(X ,(P_{\theta})_{\theta \in\Theta})$ with $X = \mathbb{N}^n$, $\Theta = (0, 1)$ and $p_{\theta}(x_i) = \theta(1 -\theta)^{x_i−1}$ for all $x_i \in \mathbb{N}, \theta \in \Theta$. So $n$ independent...

Hi, I have been using Python for a while now, but so far for Least-squares fits using curve_fit from Scipy. I would like to start using Likelihood method to fit binned and unbinned data. I found some documentation in Scipy of how to implement unbinned likelihood fit, but I have not managed to...

$\newcommand{\szdp}[1]{\!\left(#1\right)} \newcommand{\szdb}[1]{\!\left[#1\right]}$ Problem Statement: A survey of voter sentiment was conducted in four midcity political wards to compare the fraction of voters favoring candidate $A.$ Random samples of $200$ voters were polled in each of the...

$\newcommand{\szdp}[1]{\!\left(#1\right)} \newcommand{\szdb}[1]{\!\left[#1\right]}$ Problem Statement: Let $S_1^2$ and $S_2^2$ denote, respectively, the variances of independent random samples of sizes $n$ and $m$ selected from normal distributions with means $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$ and common...

I am trying to understand the meaning of the Likelihood function or the value of the Likelihood itself. Let us suppose we are tossing coins and we have a sample data given as $$\hat{x} = \{H,H,T,T,T,T\}$$ For instance in this case the Likelihood Function can be given as $$L(\theta|\hat{x}) =...

Hello community! I am facing a conceptual problem with the correlation matrix between maximum likelihood estimators. I estimate two parameters (their names are SigmaBin0 and qqzz_norm_0) from a multidimensional likelihood function, actually the number of parameters are larger than the two I am...

I have currently an issue about the height at which the projection of 1 sigma edges in 2D contour should intersect the associated Likelihood. Here a figure to illustrate my issue : At bottom left is represented the joint distribution (shaded blue = contours at 2 sigma (95% C.L) and classic...

Hallo at all! I'm learning statistic in python and I have a problem to show you. I have this parametric function: $$P(S|t, \gamma, \beta)=\langle s(t) \rangle \left( \frac{\gamma-\beta}{\gamma\langle s(t) \rangle -\beta}\right)^2\left( 1- \frac{\gamma-\beta}{\gamma\langle s(t) \rangle...

I'm not sure how to get this first derivative (mainly where does the 4 come from?) I know x̄ is the sample mean (which I think is 1/2?) Can someone suggest where to start with finding the log-likelihood? I know the mass function of a binomial distribution is: Thanks!

Hi, IIRC, Maximum Likelihood Estimators ( MLEs) satisfy an " Inheritance" property , so that if ##m_1,m_2,..,m_n## are MLEs for ##M_1,M_2,...,M_n## respectfully and f is a Random Variable of the ##M_i##, then the MLE for f is given by ##f(m_1,m_2,...,m_n)##. Is this correct? If so, is there a "...

Hello, I want to understand the difference between both goodness-of-fit tests, I would be glad if you could help me: Akaike Information criterion is defined as: ## AIC_i = - 2log( L_i ) + 2K_i ## Where ##L_i## is the likelihood function defined for distribution model ##i## . ##K_i## is the...

Hi, I am looking into a text on PCA obtained through path diagrams ( a diagram rep of the relationship between factors and the dependent and independent variables) and correlation matrices . There is a "reverse" exercise in which we are given a correlation matrix there is mention of the use of...

Hello! I am reading Data Reduction and Error Analysis by Bevington, 3rd Edition and in Chapter 8.1, Variation of ##\chi^2## Near a Minimum he states that for enough data the likelihood function becomes a Gaussian function of each parameter, with the mean being the value that minimizes the...

Hey guys ! My mother language is not English by the way. Sorry for spelling and gramme. :) I'm curious to see if you can help me with my problem.I have already tried for almost a week and did not get to a solution. I also know, that the Maximum likelihood estimation is part of statistics and...

I am curently working on Forecast in cosmology and I didn't grasp very well different details. Forecast allows, wiht Fisher's formalism, to compute constraints on cosmological parameters. I have 2 issues of understanding : 1) Here below a table containing all errors estimated on these...

I’ve been told that physics majors are looked at favorably when applying for entry-level engineering jobs. Is this true? How qualified are they when compared to engineering majors? Are applied physics majors looked at any differently? Do employers care about an undergraduate thesis?

Hello All, Firstly, what a wonderful place for people to help one and other. I am glad that I have stumbled across : ) I have posted this query in advanced because to me there it is advanced but if it is basic to others then please excuse me. I can easily work out the probability of...

I make confusions in the using of Maximum Likelihood to find (approximately) the original signal knowing the data observed and the using of Maximum Likelihood to find estimations of parameters of the PSF 1) Find (up to some point) the original signal : I start from this general definition (in...

Hey! :o We have the density function $f_x(x)=\frac{2c^2}{x^3}, x\geq 0, c\geq 0$. I want to calculate the maximum Likelihood estimator for $c$. We have the Likelihood Function $$L(c)=\prod_{i=1}^nf_{X_i}(x_i;c)=\prod_{i=1}^n\frac{2c^2}{x_i^3}$$ The logarithm of the Likelihood function is...

I'm getting a bit lost on some of the basics. So a Likelihood function determines the plausibility of parameters given the observed random variables. This is fine and all, but something seems a bit off. The observed random variables themselves must be generated from a probability distribution...

Hello, I'm new to the world of "numerical" astronomy/cosmology and I've been studying maximum likelihood estimation for model tests. The (analytical) theory is somewhat easy to understand, but I've been struggling with the numerical aspect of the computations. Suppose you have some model with a...

I have a quadratic regression model ##y = ax^2 + bx + c + \text{noise}##. I also have a prior distribution ##p(a,b,c) = p(a)p(b)p(c)##. What I need to calculate is the likelihood of the data given solely the extremum of the parabola (in my case a maximum) ##x_{max} = M = -\frac{b}{2a}##. What I...

Hey! :o I am looking at the Likelihood function. I have understood how we define that function, but having find the maximum of the Likelihood estimation, what is the meaning of that? What information do we have, when we have found the $\theta$ so that the Likelihood function L is maximized...

Hi I've been googling maximum likelihood estimation. While I do understand how to compute it, I don't understand why maximizing the likelihood function will give us a good estimate of the actual parameter. In some cases, like the normal distribution, it seems almost obvious. However, in the...

I'm trying to replicate a machine learning experiment in a paper.The experiment used several signal generators and "trains" a system to recognize the output from each one. They way this is do is by sampling the output of each generator, and then building histograms from each trial. Later you...

I was trying to find an easy interpretation of the predicted probabilities of a logistic regression model, when one of my coworkers claimed that the logistic regression model is a likelihood. Now, I know that maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the parameters, but I didn't think...

Homework Statement I look at the distribution ##(Y_1,Y_2,...,Y_n)## where ##Y_i=μ+(1+φ x_i)+ε_i## where ##-1<φ<1## and ##-1<x_i<1## . x's are known numbers. ε's are independent and normally distributed with mean 0 and variance 1. I need to find the the maximum likelihood estimator for μ and...

I am trying to better understand likelihood ratio test and have found a few helpful resources that explicitly solve problems, but was just curious if you have any more to recommend. Links that perhaps work out full problems and also nicely explain the theory. Similar links you have found...

In a council vote for a proposal, there a nine council members. There is a 60% chance that each council person will vote in favour of the proposal. What is then likelihood that the proposal will pass? So, this means that 5 or greater members must vote in favour. These are independent events...

Why is the Maximum Likelihood function a product? Explanations of how the Maximum Likelihood function is constructed usually just mention that events are independent and so the probability of several such events is just the product of the separate probabilities. I get the logic w.r.t...

Assuming α is known, find the maximum likelihood estimator of β f(x;α,β) = , 1 ,,,,,,, .(xα.e-x/β) ,,,,,, ,,,,,,α!βα+1 I know that firstly you must take the likelihood of L(β). But unsure if I have done it correctly. I came out with the answer below...

Hello! I have some concentrical spheres with many points inside. And I need to plot the total mass of points in each shell (so between 2 spheres) versus the radius of that shell (defined as (r1+r2)/2, where r1 and r2 are the radius of the 2 spheres forming the shell). I have 10 shells so my plot...

How likely or unlikely is it for a passing object to fall into a stable orbit of another object? For example, if an Earth-sized rogue planet came near the sun, would the odds be something like 10 million to 1 that it would fall into a stable orbit?

Homework Statement Let X1, X2,...Xn be a random sample from pdf, f(x|θ) = θx-2 where 0 < θ ≤ x < ∞ Find the MLE of θMy attempt: Likelihood fxn: L(θ|x) = ∏θx-2 = θn∏ θx-2 And to find MLE, I take Log of that function and partial derivative (w.r.t θ, of log L(θ|x) and set that = 0, and get...

Homework Statement Let X1, X2,...Xn be a random sample from pdf, f(x|θ) = θx-2 where 0 < θ ≤ x < ∞ Find the MLE of θMy attempt: Likelihood fxn: L(θ|x) = ∏θx-2 = θn∏ θx-2 And to find MLE, I take Log of that function and partial derivative (w.r.t θ, of log L(θ|x) and set that = 0, and get...

Hi folks. I have the following question.I have a model M containing 20 adjustable parameters k = {k_j}. I also have 40-50 measured temporal profiles e = {e_i} at my disposal. I can use M to predict the experimental values after solving complex systems of differential equations.Consequently, I...

So looking through my notes I can't seem to understand how to get from one step to the next. I have attached a screenshot of the 2 lines I'm very confused about. Thanks. BTW: The equations are for the log likelihood in a mixture of gaussians model EDIT: To elaborate I am particularly...

If there was microbial life on Mars in the distant past, would there be any way to conclusively confirm it? Or would any such attempt be reduced to speculation, like the Martian meteor which "possibly" contained evidence?

Find maximum likelihood estimators of an sample of size $n$ if $X\sim U(0,\theta].$ Hello MHB :)! Can any user help me please :)! I don't how follow...

Hello, I am analysing hydrology data and curve fitting to check the best probability distribution among 8 candidate distribution. (2 and 3 parameter distributions) The selection is based on the lowest AIC value. While doing my calculation in excel, how is it suggested to treat very low (approx...

I'm nearing the end of choosing a physics graduate school to attend and the decision is coming down to what research groups I'm interested in. My area of interest is in biological physics but I'm not quite sure whether I want to do computational or experimental work. A major factor in choosing...

Hello PF'ers, I am doing an unbinned likelihood analysis where I am analyzing the ratio of two spectra: \[ \frac{S_{1}(E)}{S_{2}(E)} = F(E) \] and each spectra, \[ S_{1}, S_{2} \] has its own data set. My first idea was to take the function, \[ F(E) \] and divide by the integral of...

I need help on this problem, anyone know how to do it? Suppose you have n independent observations from a uniform distribution over the interval [𝜃1, 𝜃2]. a. Find the maximum likelihood estimator for each of the endpoints θ1 and θ2. b. Based on your result in part (a), what would you expect...

Consider a density family $f(x,{\mu})=c_{{\mu}}x^{{\mu}-1}\exp(\frac{-(\ln(x))^2)^2}{2}$ , where $c_{{\mu}}=\frac{1}{{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}\exp(-{\mu}^2/2)$ For a sample $(X_{1},...,X_{n})$ fnd the maximum likelihood estimator and show it is unbiased. You may find the substitution $y=\ln x$ helpful...

Homework Statement The independent random variables X_1, ..., X_n have the common probability density function f(x|\alpha, \beta)=\frac{\alpha}{\beta^{\alpha}}x^{\alpha-1} for 0\leq x\leq \beta. Find the maximum likelihood estimators of \alpha and \beta. Homework Equations log...

Homework Statement 1. An experiment consists of giving a sequences of patients a risky treatment until two have died, and then recording N, the number who survived. If p is the proportion killed by the treatment, then the distribution of N is: P(N=n)=(n+1)(1-p)n p2 1)Find a general formula...