Relativity Definition and 998 Threads

In classical mechanics, the gravitational force is described by the equation: F = Gm1m2/r^2 What would this equation - or other similar equations - look like in special relativity? This equation cannot be correct because it implies that the force acts instantaneously.

We can find the difference of time to light reach both clocks, it should be Lv/c², what i am confused is why the rear clock show a higher reading of the front clock. Ok, the light take longer time to travel and reach the rear clock, and here is the thing! What i am interpreting is: When the...

In special relativity, observers can disagree on the order of events - if Alice thinks events A, B and C are simultaneous, Bob can think A happened before B which happened before C, and Carlos thinks C happened before B which happened before A - provided A, B and C are not causally connected, of...

Can special relativity handle acceleration? I believe the answer is yes, but I don’t recall dealing with any acceleration problems when I took SR. I remember using the time dilation, length contraction and Lorentz transformation equations. These equations all assume constant motion iirc.

Let's begin with the first point. a.I) Apply a generic boost in the y-z plane (take advantage of the arbitrariness in deciding the alignment of the y and z axes). \begin{equation*} B_{yz} = \begin{pmatrix} \gamma & 0 & -\gamma v_y & -\gamma v_z \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ -\gamma v_y & 0 &...

I haven't gone to movie theaters in 6 months. So I have to be content with online movies, and reading sci fi models, and maybe writing a short story or two. If a flying ship could travel thousands of miles per second, it can't suddenly turn 90 degrees because of inertia, the occupants would be...

Hey there.Have you read about the alternative theories proposed by other scientists to General Relativity?So far General Relativity still stays the most accurate.But if we could generalise it?Perhaps try with some new maths like complex differentiable manifolds or Lie groups or another...

Actually I know there would be some permutations used here. I know how to calculate the symbols but estimating is quite a new thing to me

Some background, I am an undergraduate electrical engineering student with a knack for physics. I plan to attend graduate school for physics but for the meanwhile I've only taken an undergraduate course in QM mechanics, which used griffith's book, and a modern physics course, which covered some...

I can't seem to wrap my head around it: if an object is moving at speed v in frame S, and its observed to move at speed v' in S', what is the relationship?

I hear that philosophy refuse to "relativity concepts"(e.g relativity moral).Relativity theory says about the relativity of spacetime.I do not understand why special relativity does not contradict with general philosophy?(I know the theory Idea Form of Plato)

For instance, using the vector ##A^\alpha e_\alpha##: ##g_{\mu \nu} e^\mu \otimes e^\nu (A^\alpha e_\alpha) = g_{\mu \nu} (e^\mu, A^\alpha e_\alpha) e^\nu ## ##g_{\mu \nu} e^\mu \otimes e^\nu (A^\alpha e_\alpha) = A^\alpha g_{\mu \nu} \delta_\alpha^\mu e^\nu = A^\mu g_{\mu \nu} e^\nu = A_\nu...

I’ve read Beiser’s Modern Physics Chapter 1 and I am able to grasp the general theories but not so much when applying it to problems. I major in Chemistry and would really appreciate any head start/help/suggestions. For number 1 I thought of using L = L0 sqrt 1-v^2/c^2 but can’t seem to find the...

Good day, I'm starting my master in physics, and it's time for me to choose my courses. I will take one or two of the following three courses, which are: Statistical Physics, QFT and General relativity. Now, I'm finding it very hard to decide as on the one hand, I'm interested in QFT and...

In SR, for the momentary co-moving reference frame, U (the velocity four vector) takes the form (1,0,0,0). I'm wondering whether the basis vectors associated with this velocity are zero or if the coefficients in front of the basis vectors are zero. In classical mechanics we would say that the...

Hey there, I'm aware this is a bit of a stupid question, and I think that I understand the principle fundamentally, however, my intuition is still having a little trouble catching up, and I'm trying to figure out if it is because of an important detail that I have missed/misinterpreted. I think...

I don't know much about the math of SR, but this is what's bothering me: if a moving clock B ticks slower than the stationary one I have (A), then from the viewpoint of B, my clock (A) is ticking slower. So if we turn around and meet each other in the middle, which clock was slower than which...

Hi, can i use a light clock made out of mirrors a distance appart to measure whether there is length contraction in different regions of spacetime? If the clock speeds up then the distance between the mirrors decreased. If the clock slows down the distance between mirrors increased.

Hi. I have tried David Tong's note on QFT. I think it works well for me and lead me into QFT. Now I am confident to read Peskin's book. Now I am trying to learning GR. I planned to try David Tong's lectures on GR first and then read Sean Carroll's book. But I am not sure this plan now. I got...

I am confused about how to find the length of a wave train emitted within a time interval T and that is moving with speed c relative to a moving frame that is itself moving with velocity v. Apparently the answer is that the wave train's length is cT - vT, but I tried to plug in variables into...

I am wondering if there is a typo in my textbook. Please see the attachment. The textbook says "...keeping only the lowest term in x = v/c." I am wondering if it should be "x = v/(nc)," as I circled in blue on the left side. It is a binomial expansion of the denominator. Shouldn't x be v/(nc)...

Hello, I try to understand how to get the last relation below ##(3)## ( from stress energy tensor in special relativity - Wikipedia ). I understand how to get equation ##(1)## but I don't grasp how to make appear the gradient operator in the dot product and the divergence operator in the...

I'm about to be a senior in the physics program. I can choose General/Special Relativity or Astrophysics. The astrophysics course is not as intensive - the GR/SR course requires mechanics and is more math-savvy. I've been doing some modeling with Lagrangian mechanics for star systems etc. and...

Hi, I have no education in physics beyond the intro undergrad level. How do the clocks compare in the following scenarios? In the beginning, two clocks are placed next to each other and synchronized. Then they are moved in opposite directions, traveling an equal distance from the beginning with...

I have for a long time been pondering the concept of 'Absolute velocity'. Or, 'Proper motion'. The velocity of an object, with respect to the center of mass of the universe, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Ways, it seems to make more sense, than merely relative velocities, with no...

As far as I understand it general relativity does not explain the origin of the inertial mass ##m_i## in Newton's law of motion ##\vec{F}=m_i\ d\vec{v}/dt## but rather it simply applies the concept to curved spacetime. For example if we have a particle with inertial mass ##m_i## and charge...

Consider a mass ##M## that generates a curvature of the space-time and an observer ##O##, fixed and positioned at such a great distance from ##M## that the time ##t## of its clock is not affected by ##M##. Suppose that the observer ##O##, in his polar coordinates reference system centred at...

Do nonlocality theorems imply that the local inertial frame principle of general relativity is wrong (since it is local) ?

Hello everybody, my question may sound stupid, especially speaking of such a mind-blowing and important theory... but here I am! I'm 17 and I'm reading a fabulous book by Stephen Hawking, "A Brief History of Time", and it introduced me to relativity theories... I literally started looking the...

I am not a physicist. I need your kind help in removing my following doubt about twin paradox. What I have been able to understand about twin paradox is this- 1. Special relativity deals with non-accelerating (inertial) motion. 2. The traveling twin (A) moves at a high speed in relation to the...

It seems that there are two distinct gravitational cases to consider: a) Object with no external contact with any type of stuff (e.g., a person in free-fall in a vacuum) b) Object WITH external contact (e.g., a person standing on the ground) I've enjoyed reading and listening to various...

Basically I just want to work out a constant acceleration problem in relativity, of the same kind of introductory physics. Vo= 0.9999c Vf = 0 D= 50 Au Accel, Earth frame? Accel, Ship frame? Time of transit, Earth frame? Time of transit, ship frame? Motion is 1-D. All origins line up at the...

James Clerk Maxwell deduced that the unit of mass has the dimensions of (L^3)(T^-2). But he assumed Newton's Law. What would it be under general relativity?

I was curious if the relative speed of an object can exceed the speed of light. Specifically, I am curious about the following thought experiment. I am not a physicists (and if I were asking the following would make me a poor one) and it has been 20 years since college physics. If a vessel is...

Hello, Dear Readers, as mentioned in the caption and Summary, i'am dearly interested in the perception of time due to relativity. I thought About this for quite some time.What happens to the perception of time to the conciousness, I mean our weight is not the same, and our energy consumption...

Good morning I'm a total beginner in physics, but I recently started to read books and watch videos about cool physics stuff, like relativity. I heard that the closer to the speed of light you travel, the "slower" time passes for you. I'm talking about the fact that clocks in GPS satellites...

Hello everyone, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us that we cannot measure the position and the momentum of a particle to infinite accuracy. My question is, can we use general relativity to overcome this difficulty? From what I know, any mass can curve spacetime even if it was small, and...

The question is in reference to calculating relativity of simultaneity. I am on the step where I take the time in Alice's frame from the front and from the rear clock and minus it to the get the total time. I end up with gamma squared etc (For more details see the picture below) I have...

I'm currently writing a research paper about the speed of light. I have researched universe expansion, specifically, the quantised redshift spectral index fluctuations of distant galaxies and other structures over time, however, I need to suggest why universe expansion possibly causes a recorded...

Imagine this question in 2 dimensions, time (t) and distance (x), that is (t,x). Alice (A) is at the origin, x=0. Bob (B) begins at x=c. Thus we have A(0,0) and B(0,c). Both Alice and Bob send a light signal towards the other but let's say the signal changes colour every second by the colours of...

Hi. What are the math courses should I take in order to understand the mathematics involved in a book such as Sean Carroll in general relativity. Thanks

Background: There is a very interesting Catalunyan film on Netflix called "Las Leyes de la Termodinámica" (The Laws of Thermodynamics) which is perhaps the world's first hybrid of a physics documentary and a romance film. The main character is a physics professor who falls in love and attempts...

hello all : looking for books to read in this times ,undergraduate level mostly , but i have some problem finding good ones for introductory elementary particle physics other than griffths and for special relativity any recommendations

I am trying to study "religiously" the book by Sachs and Wu, but I am finding the Exercises very much of a challenge. Does anyone know if there exists a source for solutions one can consult when stuck?

Was there a published report of exactly which stars which were supposed to be at position A but were observed at position B, etc.?

I've been slowly grinding away with what I can about quantum mechanics and QFT. I'm not sure how far I've gotten but I've come up against a bit of a roadblock concerning how the relativity of simultaneity applies in QFT with specific reference to the outcome of Bell tests. My misunderstanding...

Momentum ##\vec{p}## before collision is momentum of proton of the energy ##E=76.4\mbox{GeV}##. Law of conservation of energy is E+mc^2=E_1+E_2+...+E_n mc^2=0.94\mbox{GeV} We could generate only even number of particles after collision because of law of conservation of electric charge. Also...

Without assuming a universal speed that is constant in all inertial reference frames, is it a necessary consequence of Galilean symmetry that interactions are instantaneous? If this is the case how can we prove this?

Hello, I am still trying to fully grasp the general idea of the EM field, which always travels at the speed of light regardless of the reference frame, and is represented by a tensor with 16 components in relativity theory. My understanding is that, depending on the observer's frame of...