Calculating the output temperature of a Solar Thermal system

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around calculating the output temperature of water in a solar thermal system, specifically a PV-Thermal array. Participants explore the thermal output, flow rates, and the impact of continuous water input on temperature calculations.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant proposes using the equation ##\dot{Q}t = mc\Delta T## to calculate the temperature of the water, where ##\dot{Q}## is the thermal output (67.5 kW), m is the mass of the fluid, and c is the specific heat of the fluid.
  • Another participant questions the meaning of kWp and clarifies that it denotes power output under optimal solar conditions.
  • A participant inquires about incorporating a continuous input of water at 20 degrees Celsius into the calculations.
  • Another participant suggests modifying the equation to account for the continuous input, proposing ##\dot{Q}t = mc(T-T_i)## with ##T_i## as 20°C, and discusses the time the fluid spends in the pipe.
  • One participant expresses concern about the calculated temperature difference being excessively high (235 degrees Celsius) and suggests that the equation may not adequately account for the continuous flow of water.
  • A later reply challenges the initial thermal output claim, suggesting that the maximum output based on the area of the pipes should be significantly lower than 67.5 kW.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants do not reach a consensus on the calculations or the thermal output values. Multiple competing views regarding the equations and assumptions remain present.

Contextual Notes

Participants highlight potential limitations in the calculations, including the need to consider the continuous flow of water and the assumptions regarding thermal output based on pipe area.

spoonjabba
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So say I have a PV-Thermal array and assuming standard test conditions.
How would I calculate the temperature of the water coming out of the system?

The thermal output of the system is 67.5kWp with a maximum flow rate of 65L/h. Approximately 500m of 3/4" pipes.
 
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If you know the specific heat of the fluid substance in the pipes and the initial temperature, use: ##\dot{Q}t = mc\Delta T## where ##\dot{Q}## is the rate of heat flow out of the fluid (67.5kW), t is the time during which heat flow occurs (one hour), m is the mass of the fluid from which the heat flow occurs (the mass of 65 L of fluid) , and c is the specific heat of the fluid (heat flow/unit mass).

AM
 
What is a kWp? Is that a typo?
 
Khashishi said:
What is a kWp? Is that a typo?
Not a typo. It is a term used for solar panels to denote the power output under optimal conditions with maximum solar radiation.

AM
 
Is there way to take into account a continuous input of 20 degrees Celsius water at the given flow rate?
 
spoonjabba said:
Is there way to take into account a continuous input of 20 degrees Celsius water at the given flow rate?
##\dot{Q}t = mc(T-T_i)## where ##T_i## = 20C. Work out from the pipe volume the volume of the fluid in the pipe. Then divide by the flow rate to determine the length of time (t) that the fluid will be absorbing heat flow at the stated rate. According to my calculations, fluid will be in the pipe for a bit more than 2 hours. During that time, figure out how much heat a unit of fluid absorbs. From that you can work out the temperature difference.

AM
 
Last edited:
I understand the equation, but it doesn't take into account the constant flow of water in. After doing the math with the equation you provided I get delta T to be 235 degrees celsius which seems like a ridiculous value.
 
I can't really comment much unles you show your calculation and provide the values for m and c.

But just looking at your values there is something wrong here. Maximum solar insolation is 1.3 kw per m2 and the area of 500 m. of pipe would be just under 10m2, so it can't be putting out 65.7 kw. Maximuum would be 13 kw.

AM
 
Last edited:

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