Can Centralizing AC to DC Conversion Reduce Data Center Cooling Costs?

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SUMMARY

Centralizing AC to DC conversion in data centers can significantly reduce cooling costs by relocating heat generation away from sensitive equipment. The discussion highlights that traditional devices convert AC to DC, generating substantial heat, which contributes to cooling expenses. Implementing a centralized DC conversion unit with a DC bus for power distribution could mitigate these issues, but challenges such as voltage compatibility and safety concerns with high currents must be addressed. The feasibility of using 48V DC systems, common in telecom, is noted, but existing PC infrastructure is not designed for such voltages, necessitating custom power supply units.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of AC to DC conversion processes
  • Familiarity with data center cooling systems
  • Knowledge of electrical engineering principles, particularly regarding voltage and current
  • Experience with power supply unit (PSU) design and specifications
NEXT STEPS
  • Research centralized AC to DC conversion technologies and their implementations
  • Explore the design and safety standards for high-current DC distribution systems
  • Investigate existing 48V DC power supply solutions in telecom and their applicability to data centers
  • Learn about the challenges and solutions for voltage regulation in DC power distribution
USEFUL FOR

Electrical engineers, data center managers, and professionals involved in energy efficiency and cooling optimization in data centers will benefit from this discussion.

sunbeam999
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This is a general question.

Occasionally you see published articles about the high costs of energy by data centers. Of course this includes the actual use of electricity by the computers and other equipment, but it also includes the costs of cooling all this equipment.

Most computers and other electrical equipment have a device to change AC to the DC the device actually uses. This process generates a good bit of heat, separate from the heat the device generates when it actually operates. My understanding is that this heat generation is much larger than what is actually used.

So my question is this:

Why not have a central unit that changes AC to DC outside of the area that is to be kept cool?

The heat generated is outside of the area, and presumably could be dealt with by fans.

Then have a DC bus that transfers power to the units in their racks.

Perhaps each device requires some slightly different voltage, I would think not but perhaps I am wrong. I would guess someone could manufacture a device that would plug into the machine and condition the voltage as it transfers power to the device.

I'm a mechanical engineer, not an electrical one. Is there anything wrong with my reasoning? Something I do not know? I wouldn't think it to be a problem to supply DC with the short runs in a data center. Perhaps I misunderstand the requirements of the devices used?
 
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Converting AC to DC in a switch mode power supply is pretty efficent, especially in racks that have a couple of large PSUs per rack to run all the system.
Shipping enough 5/12V around a data centre to run all the servers is going to need some serious wiring, if each PC needs 20Amps at 5V and you have a 1000 servers.
It's common in telecoms to use 48V dc supplies and a lot of telecoms kit is built to take 48V. PCs aren't built for this and so you would need expensive custom 48V-> +-5/12V DC PSUs fitted to each machine.

Another problem with DC, especially at those sort of currents is turning it off and disconnecting anyone who touches one of the bus bars.
 

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