Charging an Insulator: Explained

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Charging an insulator occurs through the triboelectric effect, where rubbing two materials together transfers electrons from one surface to another, creating charged surfaces with opposite polarities. This process involves the stripping of electrons from neutral atoms at the surface, influenced by the surface chemistry of the materials. Additionally, insulators can become charged through exposure to strong radioactive sources or high-energy photons, which can eject electrons via photoelectric interactions. Although the photoelectric effect is commonly associated with metals, it can also occur in insulators under specific conditions, requiring higher energy photons. Understanding these mechanisms clarifies why insulators can hold charge despite lacking free electrons.
ArielGenesis
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I feel so ashamed to ask a question this simple, but how does an insulator get charged? Let's say rubbing a glass rod with cat's fur. I thought that insulator means there is no free electron.

Does rubbing means turning the neutral atoms at the surface of the glass rod into ions?

or something else is happening?
 
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Yep, electrons are pretty much stripped off the surface of the insulator and transferred to the other object. Touching the two together forms a chemical bond, and if the surface chemistry is just right (e.g., one material has a higher surface electronegativity than the other one), then pulling them apart will result in an imbalance, leaving the surfaces charged with opposite polarities. When you rub the two together, you are essentially repeating this process many times over. It's called the triboelectric effect.
 
aha ic, so its surface chemistry, there were chemical reaction

these things were never taught in high or first year physics, no wonder i don't understand at all.

thanks
 
Also, if you have a strong radioactive beta-decay source near an insulator, betas can inbed themselves in the insulator and charge it up. In addition, visible or UV light or X-rays, through photoelectric interactions, can eject photoelectrons from the surface. In all these cases, because there is no conduction band in the insulator, the charges cannot be neutralized.
 
I thought photoelectric effect only happens in metals?
 
ArielGenesis said:
I thought photoelectric effect only happens in metals?
Insulators have a higher work function than metals, meaning it takes a higher energy photon to knock off an electron, but even insulators have electrons. The photons probably have to be vacuum-ultra violet (100 nm or shorter wavelength).
[Added edit] We also know that in the x-ray region, deep core photoejection (a form of photoelectric effect) can knock k-shell electrons out, which may escape the insulator. Outer electrons will then fill the k-shell, and leave a hole in the valence band. But since there are no electrons in the conduction band, the hole is not filled.
 
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oooh ic thanks every1
 

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