Drakkith is right, you should try to look up electromagnetism in books for physics students. Does your professor recommend any?
Maybe try:
Electricity and Magnetism - W.J. Duffin
Electromagnetism - IS Grant and WR Phillips
just google some.
In response to the questions
1) The Maxwell equations show explicitly how they depend on each other.
2) A general beam of light going in one direction has components of the electric field going in all directions perpendicular to its motion (is unpolarised). But a polarised beam has its electric field components confined to a particular direction.
3) At the surface between two materials, there are several conditions on the electric and magnetic fields. It is these conditions that cause polarisation of an incident electromagnetic wave at certain angles.
Sorry I haven't answered any of the questions in depth, but they are very broad, try a book on electromagnetism.