Electric field outside a conductor and its surface charge

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SUMMARY

The electric field outside a conductor with surface charge density ##\sigma## is defined by the equation ##E_{above}-E_{below}=\frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}\hat{n}##, where ##\hat{n}## is the outward normal vector. Inside the conductor, the electric field is zero, leading to the conclusion that the field immediately outside is ##E=\frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}\hat{n}##. However, for a large, flat plane with a uniform surface charge, the correct field is ##E=\frac{\sigma}{2\epsilon_0}\hat{n}##, highlighting the distinction between the electric field of a charged sheet and that of a conducting material.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of electric fields and surface charge density
  • Familiarity with Maxwell's equations
  • Knowledge of boundary conditions in electrostatics
  • Concept of conductors in electrostatic equilibrium
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the derivation of electric fields from surface charge distributions
  • Learn about the application of Gauss's Law in electrostatics
  • Explore the differences between conductors and insulators in electric fields
  • Investigate the implications of boundary conditions on electric fields
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Physics students, electrical engineers, and anyone studying electrostatics or electric field theory will benefit from this discussion.

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Imagine a surface charge ##\sigma##. The boundary condition on ##E## is

##E_{above}-E_{below}=\frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}\hat{n}##, where ##\hat{n}## points outwards perpendicularly to the surface.

Because the field inside a conductor is zero, it requires that the field immediately outside is ##E=\frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}\hat{n}##.

But if the conductor is a large, flat plane with a uniform surface charge ##\sigma##, shouldn't the field be ##E=\frac{\sigma}{2\epsilon_0}\hat{n}##?
 
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