Equivalent Diagram- How does counting paths let us eyeball?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around understanding how counting distinct signal paths in block diagrams can help determine their equivalence. Participants explore the intuition behind this method, the significance of summing paths, and the implications of delays and gains in signal processing. The scope includes theoretical reasoning and practical application in circuit analysis.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants question the motivation behind counting distinct signal paths and how this relates to determining equivalence in block diagrams.
  • There is a discussion about the meaning of "making a sum" and how it relates to identifying paths with the same output.
  • One participant provides a mathematical expression for the output of a circuit, suggesting that the outputs can be shown to be equivalent through algebraic manipulation.
  • Clarifications are made regarding the notation used to describe paths, particularly the meaning of terms like "4X2" and how they relate to delays and amplifications.
  • Some participants express uncertainty about the method of "eyeballing" equivalence and whether it is justified by the summation of paths.
  • Visual representations of the paths are discussed, with emphasis on how different configurations deliver the same output through various transformations.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants exhibit a mix of agreement and disagreement regarding the interpretation of signal paths and their equivalence. While some participants assert that the outputs are equivalent based on their summation, others seek clarification on the reasoning and notation used, indicating that consensus has not been reached.

Contextual Notes

There are limitations in the discussion regarding the assumptions made about the paths and the definitions of terms like "delay" and "gain." Some mathematical steps remain unresolved, and the scope of the discussion is focused on understanding rather than deriving definitive conclusions.

LongApple
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All the youtube links are time stamped
1. Homework Statement



upload_2015-1-28_2-22-23.png

Homework Equations

The Attempt at a Solution


I wrote it out the operator expressions each by hand and got the same result but I don't understand how he is able to just eyeball it. I'm trying to develop some intuition.

a. To start, why is he counting distinct signal paths paths? What is the motivation to see why this information may be useful in letting us eyeball which block diagrams are the same. He mentioned earlier in the video that this could be useful but I didn't understand.

b.

He says something about "making a sum" and seeing "how many of them have the same sum" What does that mean? He then looks for the paths with the biggest delay. I don't see why this info would help us other than to maybe to disprove two block diagrams are different.
^ See time stamped youtube vid

At the very end, he is able to conclude that the answer is 3 but I don't see how we have proof
 
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In (a) there are 4 paths: X; 4X2; 2X1; another 2X1
In (b) there are 3 paths: X; 4X2; 4X1
In (c) there are 3 paths: X; 4X1; 4X2

The output Y is the sum of these. The result: all are equivalent.

I have used X1 to denote X after one delay

BTW, I haven't looked at the videos.
 
Call the output of every summing junction z
Then,for the 1st circuit,
z[n] = x[n] +2x[n-1]
and y[n] = z[n] + 2z[n-1]
then y[n] = x[n] + 2x[n-1] + 2x[n-1] + 4x[n-2]
= x[n] + 4x[n-1] + 4x[n-2]
You can proceed likewise for the 2nd and 3rd diagram to show y[n] is the same for all three.
 
Last edited:
NascentOxygen said:
In (a) there are 4 paths: X; 4X2; 2X1; another 2X1
In (b) there are 3 paths: X; 4X2; 4X1
In (c) there are 3 paths: X; 4X1; 4X2

The output Y is the sum of these. The result: all are equivalent.

I have used X1 to denote X after one delay

BTW, I haven't looked at the videos.

I have used X1 to denote X after one delay

So for example then, what does 4X2; 4X1 mean? Aren't there 9 paths because you have 4, 4, and 1? What is 4X2 for example? So it seems like based on your notation that would mean 4 times X after 2 delays in part a). Where does this 4 times X after two delays come from?

Is this his method of eyebaling?
 
Those triangles with a number inside denote an amplifier (e.g., a voltage amplifier), they have no effect on the delay.
So I used 4X2 to denote X that has passed through two delays and has had its amplitude multiplied by 4. The order in which that has happened is irrelevant.

The circle with a cross in it represents a summer, its output is the sum of the inputs.
 
So the reason we know it is equivalent by eyeballing is that they all sum to 4X1; 4X2?
 
LongApple said:
So the reason we know it is equivalent by eyeballing is that they all sum to 4X1; 4X2?
Don't forget X. The outputs are all X + 4X1 + 4X2
 
LongApple said:
To start, why is he counting distinct signal paths paths?
Finally I'm at my desktop so can edit your first image to highlight the 4 different paths. Each path delivers X (after some transformation) to the output.

The first shows X after two delays and two gains of x2. The middle figures show two different paths delivering X with a delay and a gain of x2. The lower figure shows a straight-through path delivering X at Y.

upload_1a.jpg
 

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