How can we accurately determine the expansion rate of the Universe?

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The discussion centers on the complexities of determining the expansion rate of the Universe, questioning whether it is expanding or accelerating. Observations and scientific papers are referenced to support various viewpoints, particularly regarding dark energy's role, which is suggested to constitute about 75% of the Universe. The conversation also touches on the distribution of dark matter and energy, emphasizing the need for precise definitions and models in cosmology. Additionally, the impact of cosmic inflation on the Universe's expansion is highlighted, with a consensus that further understanding is required. Overall, the thread underscores the ongoing debate and uncertainty in cosmological measurements and theories.
  • #101
G'day from the land of ozzzzzz

At the door step we have our Sun with quite important activities that we can study and learn how the parts of the universe work.

Magnetic reconnection is a most important process that allows matter to be broken up into Neutrons and compacted if the evironment allows for the confinement.

The following images show the Sun and the magnetic reconnection causing jet streams.

http://74.125.153.132/custom?q=cach...n+spots&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=google-coop


http://74.125.153.132/custom?q=cach...n+spots&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=google-coop
 
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  • #102
Too many unclear facts concerning expanding Univerce, what force and conditions...doubtedly...
 
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