How Does Light Slow Down in Different Media?

[einstein1921]

At the microscale, an electromagnetic wave's phase speed is slowed in a material because the electric field creates a disturbance in the charges of each atom (primarily the electrons) proportional to the electric susceptibility of the medium. (Similarly, the magnetic field creates a disturbance proportional to the magnetic susceptibility.) As the electromagnetic fields oscillate in the wave, the charges in the material will be "shaken" back and forth at the same frequency.[13] The charges thus radiate their own electromagnetic wave that is at the same frequency, but usually with a phase delay, as the charges may move out of phase with the force driving them (see sinusoidally driven harmonic oscillator). The light wave traveling in the medium is the macroscopic superposition (sum) of all such contributions in the material: The original wave plus the waves radiated by all the moving charges. This wave is typically a wave with the same frequency but shorter wavelength than the original, leading to a slowing of the wave's phase speed.(Citation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index)
1.why wave's phase speed is slowed ? please give more explanation.
2. why the oscillation radiator can't radiate wave backward?
Thank you!

 

[einstein1921]

I know there are thread talk about this topic, However,none of them discuss the superposition model. anybody can help?