Ionic or covalent in tetrahydroxoaluminate ion?

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SUMMARY

The tetrahydroxoaluminate ion, [Al(OH)₄]⁻, features aluminium bonded to four hydroxide ligands. The bonding nature between aluminium and hydroxide can be classified as covalent rather than ionic, as hydroxide ions possess lone pairs that facilitate dative covalent bonding. This is particularly relevant in metal complexes, where covalent interactions are common, especially with transition metals. The formation of a tetrahedral structure is also noted in this context.

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  • Understanding of metal-ligand complexes
  • Knowledge of covalent and ionic bonding
  • Familiarity with dative covalent bonds
  • Basic concepts of molecular geometry, particularly tetrahedral structures
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  • Research the properties of dative covalent bonds in coordination chemistry
  • Explore the role of hydroxide ions as ligands in metal complexes
  • Study the molecular geometry of tetrahedral complexes
  • Examine the differences between ionic and covalent bonding in transition metals
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Chemistry students, researchers in coordination chemistry, and professionals studying metal-ligand interactions will benefit from this discussion.

Bipolarity
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Consider the metal-ligand complex of the tetrahydroxoaluminate ion. [Al(OH)_{4}]^-

In this ion, the aluminium is bonded with four hydroxides where each hydroxide is a ligand.

My question:
Is the aluminium-hydroxide bond ionic or covalent?

I can think of the ionic one working in someway like this:

Al^{+3} + 4(OH)^- \rightarrow [Al(OH)_{4}]^-


I can also think of it as being covalent:

Al + 3(OH) + (OH)^- \rightarrow [Al(OH)_{4}]^-

Which would be more "correct"?
Aluminium is a metal, so you would expect it to form ionic bonds right? But I heard of instances where metals form covalent bonds, especially in metal complexes. So I hope I can clear this confusion in my head somehow. Also, will a complete octet be formed in both cases?

Thanks!

BiP
 
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I would go for covalent bonding it seems more appropriate, Hydroxide ions do posses a lone pair of electrons. Hence they can provide both the electrons to form a dative covalent bond.

Metal complexes do commonly form covalent bonds, especially transition metals. the metal complex will form a tetrahedral structure in this case hydroxide ions act as ligands...

http://www.see.murdoch.edu.au/info/student/chemtutorials/equations.html

click on the link and look for equations 27-29
 

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