Is the speed of light always constant, even in non-vacuum environments?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the behavior of light in various environments, specifically addressing whether the speed of light remains constant at C (the speed of light in a vacuum) or if it is affected by non-vacuum conditions. Participants explore concepts related to the propagation of light, absorption and re-emission by particles, and the implications of gravity on light speed.

Discussion Character

  • Debate/contested
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Technical explanation

Main Points Raised

  • One participant suggests that while light may appear to propagate slower than C in non-vacuum environments, the individual photons themselves always travel at C, being absorbed and re-emitted by particles.
  • Another participant agrees with the initial claim that photons travel at C, but questions the nature of photons being emitted after absorption, asking if they are the same or different photons.
  • A later reply challenges the initial claim by stating that the wavelength of a photon is much longer than the distance between atoms, indicating that photons are affected by the collective action of atoms, and thus travel at a group velocity less than C in materials with an index of refraction greater than one.
  • Another participant reiterates the initial claim but emphasizes that effective photons in matter travel at a lower speed than free photons in a vacuum.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the behavior of photons in non-vacuum environments. There is no consensus on whether photons always travel at C or if their effective speed is influenced by interactions with matter.

Contextual Notes

The discussion includes assumptions about the nature of photons, the effects of gravity on light, and the definitions of speed in different media, which remain unresolved.

mjacobsca
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Often times I read in these forums that the sped of light is C in a vacuum, but is slower in non-vacuum environments. Every time I read this, I wonder if it is a misstatement. Doesn't light always travel at C, but gets interrupted by being absorbed and re-emitted countless times by intervening particles? The way I understand it, the photon travels at C, gets absorbed and/or stopped by a particle, then gets emitted, traveling at C to the next stop, emitted, C, and so on. So while light may propagate slower than C, the photons themselves never travel slower than C. Is this a correct statement?
 
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Yes, exactly.
 
what about when light is affected by gravity...
 
Are the photons being emitted the same photons that were previously absorbed? Or are they different photons with the exact same energy and frequency? And if they are different, would that imply that we don't really ever see photons from a distant source, but rather photons that were emitted just a few feet in front of me?
 
mjacobsca said:
O The way I understand it, the photon travels at C, gets absorbed and/or stopped by a particle, then gets emitted, traveling at C to the next stop, emitted, C, and so on. So while light may propagate slower than C, the photons themselves never travel slower than C. Is this a correct statement?
No. The wavelength of a light photon is much longer than the distance between atoms, so the photon is affected by the collective action of billions of atoms. A photon in a material with index n travels at the group velocity in the material, which is less than c.
 
mjacobsca said:
Often times I read in these forums that the sped of light is C in a vacuum, but is slower in non-vacuum environments. Every time I read this, I wonder if it is a misstatement. Doesn't light always travel at C, but gets interrupted by being absorbed and re-emitted countless times by intervening particles? The way I understand it, the photon travels at C, gets absorbed and/or stopped by a particle, then gets emitted, traveling at C to the next stop, emitted, C, and so on. So while light may propagate slower than C, the photons themselves never travel slower than C. Is this a correct statement?

This is a frequent statement but it is not true. Light in matter is describe by effective photons, not the free photons one has in vacuum, and the effective photons travel with a lower speed. See
https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=899393&postcount=4
 
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