Problem with Maxwell Lagrangian Density

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on expanding the Maxwell Lagrangian density term $$\dfrac{1}{4} F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}$$ into the desired form $$\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu}\right) \left(\partial^{\mu}A^{\nu}\right) - \dfrac{1}{2}\left(\partial_{\mu}A^{\mu}\right)^2$$. Participants emphasize the importance of applying the correct index manipulation rules and suggest using the relation $$\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu}\partial^{\nu}A^{\mu} = \partial_{\nu}A_{\mu}\partial^{\mu}A^{\nu} = (\partial_{\mu}A^{\mu})^{2}$$ to facilitate the expansion. The conclusion drawn is that the two forms differ only by a divergence, which is crucial for deriving equivalent equations of motion.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of tensor notation and index manipulation in field theory
  • Familiarity with Lagrangian density concepts in classical field theory
  • Knowledge of the properties of the electromagnetic field tensor, $$F_{\mu\nu}$$
  • Basic proficiency in calculus, particularly partial derivatives
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the derivation of the electromagnetic field tensor $$F_{\mu\nu}$$ from the vector potential $$A_{\mu}$$
  • Learn about the significance of divergences in Lagrangian densities and their impact on equations of motion
  • Explore advanced index manipulation techniques in tensor calculus
  • Review examples of Lagrangian densities leading to equivalent equations of motion
USEFUL FOR

This discussion is beneficial for physics students, particularly those studying classical field theory, as well as researchers working on theoretical physics problems involving Lagrangian formulations and electromagnetic theory.

Strangelet
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Homework Statement


I have to expand the following term:

$$\dfrac{1}{4} F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu} = \dfrac{1}{4} \left(\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu} - \partial_{\nu}A_{\mu}\right) \left(\partial^{\mu}A^{\nu} - \partial^{\nu}A^{\mu}\right)$$

to get in the end this form:

$$\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu}\right) \left(\partial^{\mu}A^{\nu}\right) - \dfrac{1}{2}\left(\partial_{\mu}A^{\mu}\right)^2$$

Homework Equations



I really don't know how to make the calculation. I tried to multiply terms but I think I din't get some rule about index.. sigh!

The Attempt at a Solution

 
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Here's a hint, ##{\partial}_{\mu}A_{\nu}{\partial}^{\nu}A^{\mu}={\partial}_{\nu}A_{\mu}{\partial}^{\mu}A^{\nu}=({\partial}_{\mu}A^{\mu})^{2}## . I'm not near a computer and have a hard time writing TeX from my phone, but foiling it out and using this relation should get you the right answer.
 
Strangelet said:
I have to expand the following term:

$$\dfrac{1}{4} F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu} = \dfrac{1}{4} \left(\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu} - \partial_{\nu}A_{\mu}\right) \left(\partial^{\mu}A^{\nu} - \partial^{\nu}A^{\mu}\right)$$

to get in the end this form:

$$\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu}\right) \left(\partial^{\mu}A^{\nu}\right) - \dfrac{1}{2}\left(\partial_{\mu}A^{\mu}\right)^2$$

I don't believe the expression ##\dfrac{1}{4} F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu} ## is equal to the form you want to get. However, recall that two Lagrangian densities lead to the same equations of motion if they differ by the divergence of some expression. So, try to show that the initial and final forms differ only by a divergence of some expression.
 

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