Second Derivative of Time Dilation Equation

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SUMMARY

The discussion focuses on the second derivative of the time dilation equation, specifically √(1-v²/c²). The user initially derived the first derivative correctly as v / (c²√(1-v²/c²)) but encountered issues when attempting to compute the second derivative, mistakenly arriving at -1. Participants advised the user to apply the chain rule correctly and suggested rewriting the equation using exponents to facilitate differentiation. The conversation emphasizes the importance of proper calculus techniques in deriving physical equations.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of calculus, specifically differentiation techniques
  • Familiarity with the time dilation equation in special relativity
  • Knowledge of the chain rule and power rule in calculus
  • Basic understanding of units in physics, particularly setting c = 1 for simplification
NEXT STEPS
  • Review the chain rule and power rule in calculus for better differentiation skills
  • Practice deriving the second derivative of various functions to solidify understanding
  • Explore the implications of time dilation in special relativity for deeper context
  • Utilize graphing tools like Desmos to visualize derivatives and their behavior
USEFUL FOR

Students and professionals in physics and mathematics, particularly those studying special relativity and calculus, will benefit from this discussion. It is also valuable for anyone looking to improve their differentiation skills in the context of physical equations.

Eismcsquared
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Hello all.
I was playing around with the time dilation equation : √(1-v2/c2)
Specifically, I decided to take the derivative(d/dv) of the equation. Following the rules of calculus, as little of them as I know, I got this:
d/dv(√(1-v2/c2) = v / (c2√(1-v2/c2)).
Now, this seems reasonable enough, and when I (don’t hate me for this) plugged in our original equation into Desmos, and asked for the derivative as well, my equation seemed to be correct.
However, every time I attempt to produce the second derivative of the equation, I end up with an output of simply -1. Naturally this is wrong, and desmos agrees.
Here’s my work:
-v • d/dv(1/√(1-v2/c2))•d/dv(-v)•1/√(1-v2/c2)
Continuing...
-v•1/(-v / c2√(1-v2/c2))
• 1/c2√(1-b2/c2) • -1
Simplifying...
-v•c2√(1-v2/c2)/(-v)
• -1/(c2√(1-v2/c2)
Simplifying some more, i get -1??
I have no clue where I’m going wrong.. I think it’s simply a matter of me not quite understanding one the calculus rules I used in this.
I’m sorry for any formatting errors/messiness but I’ll try to clean it up as best I can. I can’t seem to find the fraction button.
 
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Eismcsquared said:
I got this

Note that you left out the minus sign in front here. You put it in in your work further down, but I wanted to note that it's left out here.

Eismcsquared said:
Here’s my work

You're using the chain rule, which is fine. I would advise using units where ##c = 1##, which will reduce clutter and make it easier to do the math. That gives this for the first line of your work:

$$
\frac{d}{dv} \left ( - v \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2}} \right) = \left( \frac{d}{dv} - v \right) \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2}} \right) - v \frac{d}{dv} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2}} \right)
$$

However, I don't think you're performing the derivative of ##1 / \sqrt{1 - v^2}## correctly. It might help to rewrite it using explicitly exponents, so that it's easier to take derivatives using the power rule ##d (x^n) = n x^{n - 1}##. Rewriting the second term above this way, and evaluating the first term since it's simple, you should get this:

$$
- \left( 1 - v^2 \right)^{- 1/2} - v \frac{d}{dv} \left( 1 - v^2 \right)^{- 1/2}
$$

Does that help to see how to correctly take the derivative of the second term?
 
Yes, thank you!
 

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