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Physics
Quantum Physics
Some questions regarding quantum fluctuations
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[QUOTE="radium, post: 5461050, member: 343356"] So to summarize an answer to the original question, I think the main idea (in a pragmatic sense) is that quantum fluctuations are consequences of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The virtual particles come from the energy time uncertainty relation (which dictates a bound on their lifetime) and also enter the idea of renormalization, most concretely in the idea of vacuum polarization since that renormalizes the electric charge so that the coupling actually flows under RG. Quantum fluctuations also appear in quantum phase transitions which happen at T=0 but also influence behavior at higher T. A few others things are that virtual particles can in fact go on shell which is represented in the many particle spectrum which begins at M \geq 2m and an imaginary part of matrix amplitudes. Ghosts are just a tool to get rid of the gauge dependent parts of scattering amplitudes. They get rid of the gauge dependent prefactor in the Feynman path integral since they have fermion if statistics and give a determinant. They violate the spin statistic theorem so they are definitely not real. They will not appear in final results and you technically don't need them if you gauge fix in axial gauge for example. The problem with that gauge is that it not Lorentz invariant, and if you want Lorentz invariance then you need to add ghosts. [/QUOTE]
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Quantum Physics
Some questions regarding quantum fluctuations
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