Tensor and vector notation

In summary: Oher basis require a transformation law for the components!In summary, tensors are a general term for objects with upper and lower indices. A type-##\binom n m## tensor has ##n## upper indices and ##m## lower indices. Vectors are type-##\binom 1 0## tensors and scalars are type-##\binom 0 0## tensors. The notation for a tensor depends on its rank, with a type-##\binom 2 0## tensor being represented with upper indices. However, the placement of the indices does not change the type of the tensor. With the use of the metric tensor, the placement of indices can be changed, but this
  • #1
Silviu
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Hello. I am confused about the notation for tensors and vectors. From what I saw, for a 4-vector the notation is with upper index. But for a second rank tensor (electromagnetic tensor for example) the notation is also upper index. I attached a screenshot of this. Initially I thought that for vectors there is upper index while for tensors there is lower index but now I am really confused (see second image). What is the actual notation? Thank you!
 

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  • #2
"Tensor" is a general term which can come in many types, with upper indices, lower indices, or both, they're all called "tensors". A type-##\binom n m## tensor has ##n## upper indices and ##m## lower indices. A vector is a type-##\binom 1 0## tensor. A scalar is a type-##\binom 0 0## tensor.

The electromagnetic tensor in your example is a type-##\binom 2 0## tensor. There are also type-##\binom 1 1## and type-##\binom 0 2## tensors.
 
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  • #3
DrGreg said:
"Tensor" is a general term which can come in many types, with upper indices, lower indices, or both, they're all called "tensors". A type-##\binom n m## tensor has ##n## upper indices and ##m## lower indices. A vector is a type-##\binom 1 0## tensor. A scalar is a type-##\binom 0 0## tensor.

The electromagnetic tensor in your example is a type-##\binom 2 0## tensor. There are also type-##\binom 1 1## and type-##\binom 0 2## tensors.
So, if a (1 0) tensor is a vector, this means that (2 0) is just a matrix, or there is a difference between (2 0) tensor and matrix? (sorry for horizontal notation)
 
  • #4
Whether the index is upper or lower is a separate question from how many indexes there are (i.e., the rank of the tensor). As DrGreg says, you can have "vectors" (objects with one index) with either an upper or a lower index, and you can have tensors (objects with two--or more--indexes) with two upper indexes, two lower indexes, or one upper and one lower index.

If you know the metric tensor, you can use it to raise or lower indexes, so in many applications in physics the indexes are simply placed wherever is most convenient. The key thing is to make sure that free indexes on both sides of an equation match, and that contractions are done using one upper and one lower index.

Strictly speaking, however, upper and lower indexes mean different things. For example, a vector (one upper index) is a set of 4 numbers (in 4-d spacetime) that change in a particular way when you change coordinates. A "covector" (one lower index) is a linear map from vectors to numbers, i.e., it is an object which, when given a vector, gives back a number (a scalar). The standard notation for this is a contraction: the number ##s## obtained when you take a vector ##V^a## and apply to it a covector (linear map) ##C_a## is ##s = V^a C_a = V^0 C_0 + V^1 C_1 + V^2 C_2 + V^3 C_3##.
 
  • #5
PeterDonis said:
Whether the index is upper or lower is a separate question from how many indexes there are (i.e., the rank of the tensor). As DrGreg says, you can have "vectors" (objects with one index) with either an upper or a lower index, and you can have tensors (objects with two--or more--indexes) with two upper indexes, two lower indexes, or one upper and one lower index.

If you know the metric tensor, you can use it to raise or lower indexes, so in many applications in physics the indexes are simply placed wherever is most convenient. The key thing is to make sure that free indexes on both sides of an equation match, and that contractions are done using one upper and one lower index.

Strictly speaking, however, upper and lower indexes mean different things. For example, a vector (one upper index) is a set of 4 numbers (in 4-d spacetime) that change in a particular way when you change coordinates. A "covector" (one lower index) is a linear map from vectors to numbers, i.e., it is an object which, when given a vector, gives back a number (a scalar). The standard notation for this is a contraction: the number ##s## obtained when you take a vector ##V^a## and apply to it a covector (linear map) ##C_a## is ##s = V^a C_a = V^0 C_0 + V^1 C_1 + V^2 C_2 + V^3 C_3##.
Thank you! So, a (2 0) tensor is a normal matrix. And if we have the metric, we can turn this to a (0 2) tensor, which might not be a matrix anymore. Is this right?
 
  • #6
Are ##\binom n m## tensors usually only those of the type ##v_1 \otimes v_2 \otimes \dots \otimes v_n \otimes v^*_1 \otimes v^*_2 \otimes \dots \otimes v^*_m## or linear combinations of them as well, i.e. all tensors of ##(n,m)## rank?
 
  • #7
Silviu said:
So, a (2 0) tensor is a normal matrix. And if we have the metric, we can turn this to a (0 2) tensor, which might not be a matrix anymore. Is this right?

Neither a (2,0) tensor nor a (0,2) tensor is a matrix, but the components of both in a given coordinate system (##A^{ij}## and ##A_{ij}##) can be arranged in a two-dimension matrix when it is convenient - and it often is, so you see this done all the time.

If you want to get into GR as quickly as possible, https://preposterousuniverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/grtinypdf.pdf is a good practical summary. Just be warned that in this context "practical" means "ignores all mathematical niceties not required to get results out of the machinery".
 
  • #8
DrGreg said:
"Tensor" is a general term which can come in many types, with upper indices, lower indices, or both, they're all called "tensors". A type-##\binom n m## tensor has ##n## upper indices and ##m## lower indices. A vector is a type-##\binom 1 0## tensor. A scalar is a type-##\binom 0 0## tensor.

The electromagnetic tensor in your example is a type-##\binom 2 0## tensor. There are also type-##\binom 1 1## and type-##\binom 0 2## tensors.
Even more careful is to stress that here we deal with tensor components with respect to a given Minkowski-orthonormal basis, i.e., you have ##\binom{n}{m}## tensor components, written as a symbol with one ##n## upper and ##m## lower indices. You can raise or lower indices with the pseudo-metric components ##\eta^{\mu \nu}## and ##\eta_{\mu \nu}## with ##(\eta_{\mu \nu})=(\eta^{\mu \nu})=\mathrm{diag}(1,-1,-1,-1)## (in the usual matrix notation for 2nd-rank tensor components).
 

1. What is the difference between a tensor and a vector?

A tensor is a mathematical object that represents a generalization of scalars, vectors, and matrices. It can have multiple indices and can be of any dimension. On the other hand, a vector is a special type of tensor that has only one index and represents magnitude and direction.

2. How is a tensor represented in mathematical notation?

A tensor is typically represented using uppercase Latin or Greek letters, with subscripts and superscripts denoting the indices. For example, Tij represents a second-order tensor with two indices, i and j.

3. What is the purpose of using tensor notation in physics and engineering?

Tensor notation allows for the concise representation of mathematical equations involving multiple variables and dimensions. It is particularly useful in fields such as physics and engineering, where complex systems and equations need to be described and analyzed.

4. How do you perform operations on tensors and vectors?

Operations on tensors and vectors are performed using tensor algebra, which involves manipulating the indices and components of the tensors. For example, addition and subtraction of tensors are done by adding or subtracting the corresponding components, while multiplication involves a more complex process of summing over certain indices.

5. Can tensors and vectors be visualized?

While it is not possible to visualize tensors and vectors in the same way as geometric objects, they can be represented visually using diagrams and graphs. For example, a second-order tensor can be represented as a matrix, and a vector can be shown as an arrow in a coordinate system.

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