The meaning of 'Extension' in History of Physics

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the philosophical concept of 'extension' as articulated by Leibniz and its implications in the history of physics. Leibniz's assertion in his 1692 work, Specimen dynamicum, emphasizes the precedence of force over extension, challenging Cartesian views that prioritize geometric interpretations of physical phenomena. Additionally, Duhem's text, Evolution of Mechanics, reinforces the idea that force is an irreducible concept, distinct from geometry and extension, which complicates the understanding of physical interactions such as gravity and motion.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Leibniz's philosophy and works, particularly Specimen dynamicum (1692).
  • Familiarity with Cartesian mechanics and the concept of corporeal substance.
  • Knowledge of Duhem's Evolution of Mechanics and its historical context.
  • Basic grasp of the philosophical implications of force versus extension in physics.
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the philosophical implications of force in Leibniz's works.
  • Explore Cartesian mechanics and the role of extension in physical theories.
  • Study the historical context of Duhem's Evolution of Mechanics.
  • Investigate the transition from geometric interpretations of physics to modern concepts of force and interaction.
USEFUL FOR

Philosophers of science, physics students, historians of science, and anyone interested in the foundational concepts of mechanics and dynamics in the context of early modern philosophy.

OccamsRazor
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I was reading the Wikipedia page on Dynamism in order to get an idea of the motivation and thinking behind Liebniz's physics. In it there is this paragraph:

In the opening paragraph of Specimen dynamicum (1692), Leibniz begins by clarifying his intention to supersede the Cartesian account of corporeal substance by asserting the priority of force over extension.

Additionally, while browsing through PMM Duhems text, Evolution of Mechanics he discusses how force is something irreducible to geometry and extension:

And finally, yet other, pursuing to the end the ideas of Leibniz, did not hesitate to see in force a notion irreducible to extension and motion, a first and essential property of material substance.

I'm confused on what the thought is behind this concept of extension. My understanding is that these philosophers were attempting to reduce to first principles and to keep things as geometric as possible and so they attempted to explain mechanics and dynamics only through direct physical contact and thus required things like gravity where action at a distance is observed to be due to an unobserved extension of the physical bodies actually making contact with one another -- or like the Cartesians who imagined space to be filled with vortices which actually pushed and pulled on pieces through direct contact.

is this the meaning of extension in these concepts and philosophies?
 
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"extension" is "the property of taking up space".
The various discussions should make the matter clear by context - the exact use will vary with the author.
 

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