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Physics
Beyond the Standard Models
The wrong turn of string theory: our world is SUSY at low energies
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[QUOTE="ohwilleke, post: 6500852, member: 19562"] Koide's preon paper is interesting, although using eight preons to explain the 12 fermion and 3 boson fundamental masses in the SM doesn't seem like that big of an improvement (and you can already get one of those boson masses from SM electroweak theory with ratios of EM and weak force coupling constants, so there are really only 14 free masses, and the original Koide's rule gets it down to 13 free masses). Yershov's preon papers were IMHO some of the most notable ones that I've seen (although my Wikipedia article on Yershov was stricken for lack of notability (although the late Marni Dee Sheppeard's work also caught my eye). The first paper takes on the SM fermions, the second takes on the SM bosons. Yershov's papers on the subject were: [URL='http://es.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0207120']The First Paper[/URL] [URL='http://es.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0301034']The Second Paper[/URL] Yershov's is the only preon model that really nails the particle masses (and does so in a quite innovative way). A figure from Yershov's first paper above: [ATTACH type="full" alt="Screen Shot 2021-06-07 at 1.34.10 PM.png"]284174[/ATTACH] It doesn't really do a great job of explaining why there are only three generations, but there are ways to get there (e.g. too many preons can't hold together, or the W and Z boson widths that facilitate the changes between states don't allow for any preon composites with a width less than the top quark). There is some wiggle room in the theory to improve the fit, as the first paper notes, as well: Alas, the fits have not aged very well. [B]A sort of composite Higgs mass relationship:[/B] Yershov's paper didn't take on the Higgs boson, which wasn't confirmed to exist at the time that his papers were posted. But it isn't too difficult to extend it to include a massive Higgs boson as a composite particle in a manner very different from technicolor theories. The [URL='https://arxiv.org/pdf/0912.5189.pdf']hypothesis[/URL] that two times the rest mass of the Higgs boson mass is equal to the sum of the electroweak boson rest masses (W+, W-, Z and the photon) is consistent with the experimental data at better than 2 sigma and would imply a best fit binding energy of 723 MeV. If the W boson has about 2 sigma less rest mass, as global electroweak fits to the W boson mass prefer, the match is even tighter and less binding energy is required. Since bosons obey Bose statistics, the binding energy wouldn't have to be nearly so high as in a composite particle made up of fermions since they can be in the same place at the same time. So, the binding energy would just need to be slightly more than what is necessary to hold the EM force between the W+ and W- together. This binding energy is ballpark on the same order of magnitude of the EM contribution to the proton mass. A [URL='http://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.4579.pdf']June 18, 2014[/URL] paper estimates that differences in electromagnetic field strength between the proton and neutron account for 1.04 +/- 0.11 MeV, but the W bosons are much more massive than the up and down quarks by a factor of about 16,271. After adjusting for 723 MeV of binding energy v. 1.04 MeV of binding energy, and using a greater distance between the W+ and W- to reduce the amount of binding energy to overcome the EM force, this is equivalent to a distance apart 4.83 times as great in a two Higgs boson pair as the average distance between quarks in a proton. This is not an implausible order of magnitude match. [/QUOTE]
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Beyond the Standard Models
The wrong turn of string theory: our world is SUSY at low energies
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