Tourmaline: traditional uses in lab?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the traditional uses of tourmaline in laboratory settings, particularly in relation to polarization experiments. Participants explore how tourmaline can be prepared for such experiments, its historical context, and potential home or school applications.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant references Dirac's work mentioning tourmaline's use in polarization experiments and seeks more information on its preparation and applications.
  • Another participant provides a link to a resource discussing polarization and mentions potential pop-ups from the site.
  • A participant explains the physics of tourmaline, noting its optical uniaxial nature and the phenomenon of dichroism related to its polarization properties.
  • One participant questions the relevance of using tourmaline in modern experiments compared to readily available polarizing films, suggesting that historical reproduction may not offer practical advantages.
  • A participant expresses interest in comparing the chemical structure of tourmaline with polarized film in a teaching context, despite lacking tools for mineral preparation.
  • Another participant suggests purchasing pre-prepared tourmaline from lab suppliers and mentions calcite crystals as an alternative for demonstrating birefringence.
  • One participant confirms having an Iceland spar specimen for birefringence demonstrations and expresses fascination with the interesting properties of minerals.
  • A later reply provides a detailed explanation of the crystal structure of tourmaline, discussing its symmetry, iron ion arrangement, and the interaction of light with the crystal, while noting that some effects in crystal optics remain poorly understood.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express a range of views on the relevance and practicality of using tourmaline in experiments, with some advocating for its use while others suggest modern alternatives. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the best approach to utilizing tourmaline in laboratory settings.

Contextual Notes

Participants acknowledge limitations in their ability to prepare tourmaline samples and the potential challenges in reproducing historical experiments. There is also a recognition of the complexity of crystal optics and the incomplete understanding of certain phenomena.

mishima
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Hi, I was reading Dirac (Principles of QM, section 2 page 7) and he mentions using the mineral tourmaline in a polarization experiment. I was looking for some more information on how to prepare tourmaline for use in the lab (or how it used to be used). In general, any home/school experiments possible with tourmaline samples would be appreciated.
 
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This page has a discussion on polarization and uses tourmaline for the experiment

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physics-iv/optics/polarization.php

CAVEAT: You'll probably get a POPUP from an online tutor wanting to help you, but I think its a tutor for hire site.
 
The physics is the same as that of modern polariser foils. Both are optically uniaxial materials and absorption arises only for polarization being either parallel or perpendicular to the optical axis (which of the alternatives applies depends on the material). This is called dichroism.
 
Dirac probably wrote the first edition of the book before polaroid film had been invented (or at least before it was easily available).

Unless you really want to reproduce a 19th century experiment as a piece of history, I don't see there is any advantage in cutting and polishing slices of rock, compared with an easy-to-use sheet of plastic film (or even a cheap pair of polaroid sunglasses).
 
I teach high school chemistry students about the manufacturing process and polymer chem involved in making polarized film, and I just thought it would be interesting to have something else (another chemical structure) to compare them to. I am fairly sure I don't have the tools for cutting nice slices of minerals, however.
 
I guess you can buy them ready prepared from a lab supplier somewhere: http://berkeleyphysicsdemos.net/node/607

You might try searching for calcite (Iceland spar) crystals as an alternative demo. A geological specimen supplier might have a large (50 to 100mm) sized crystal that will show birefringence without any preparation.
 
I do indeed have a nice Iceland spar specimen for that purpose (birefringence), and a decent collection of fluorescent minerals for other reasons. :) There is a certain wonder in the fact that out there in the dirt are stones with such interesting properties.
 
I did some reading and thought about it a little bit more and want to give you a more in detail explanation of what happens:
As you certainly know, tourmaline crystals have a threefold rotation symmetry axis. Tourmaline contains iron ions which arrange in sheets perpendicular to this axis. Some of these iron ions are Fe2+, some Fe3+.

Ideally you would have to cut a planar sheet containing this axis. Now light passing perpendicularly through this sheet and polarized perpendicular to the optical axis will have the field vector in the plane of the iron ions. The field may induce charge transfer from Fe2+ to Fe3+ which leads to strong absorption. On the other hand light polarized along the optical axis won't be absorbed.

Crystal optics is quite fascinating and still not all effects are well understood. E.g. for biaxial and absorbing crystals.
 

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