Understand Mosfets (NMOS & PMOS): Why the Contradiction?

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SUMMARY

This discussion clarifies the operational principles of NMOS and PMOS MOSFETs, emphasizing the importance of gate voltage in controlling current flow. In NMOS, when the gate voltage exceeds the threshold voltage (Vth), electrons are attracted to the gate, allowing current (Ids) to flow from source to drain. Conversely, in PMOS, when the gate voltage exceeds the drain voltage (0V), holes from the source region are attracted to the gate, enhancing conduction despite the drain being at a lower potential. The formation of an inversion layer is crucial for understanding MOSFET operation, particularly in enhancement-mode devices.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of MOSFET operation principles
  • Familiarity with NMOS and PMOS characteristics
  • Knowledge of threshold voltage (Vth) and saturation current (Ids)
  • Basic concepts of electric fields and charge carriers
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the differences between enhancement-mode and depletion-mode MOSFETs
  • Learn about the role of electric fields in MOSFET operation
  • Explore the concept of inversion layers in semiconductor physics
  • Investigate practical applications of NMOS and PMOS in circuit design
USEFUL FOR

Electrical engineers, students studying semiconductor devices, and professionals designing integrated circuits will benefit from this discussion on MOSFET operation and characteristics.

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This is the way I understand Mosfets (NMOS)

The source is grounded, drain is at some positive voltage V, gate is 0v initially.
When gate voltage is increased and reaches Vth, electrons from source are attracted to the gate because of the E-field at the gate. When the electrons reach the gate, they see the more +ve drain terminal and move toward the drain.
The gate voltage cannot exceed the drain voltage, else the electrons would be stuck at the gate and not flow towards the drain terminal.
When the gate voltage is increased sufficiently (still below drain voltage), the current (Ids) reaches saturation.
Is my understanding correct?

If yes, why can’t I apply the same analogy to PMOS.
The contradiction is in PMOS, when the gate voltage exceeds drain voltage (0v), the Mosfet conducts even better.
The holes from source region reach the gate bcoz of –ve potential and why would they move towards the drain. Drain is at a lesser potential than gate.

And why is inversion layer called so?
 
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The inversion layer is called that because the p-type material under the gate (in an NMOS) is the region where an n-channel forms, allowing charge carriers to flow from source to drain.

This last bit is the key bit of understanding the operation of MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)--with sufficient gate voltage, the electric field allows for the formation of a conduction channel between source and drain[*]. Everything else is details.


[*]At least, this is the case for enhancement-mode devices (depletion-mode devices have a channel 'built in', which is then narrowed or shut off using the gate).
 

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