# Unit vectors in Spherical Coordinates

1. Jun 30, 2009

### Starproj

Does anyone know a good sight that explains, step-by-step, how to derive unit vectors in spherical coordinates? I am at that unfortunate place where I have been looking at it for so long I know the answer from sheer memorization, but don't understand the derivation. From the definitions I am looking at, each unit vector is a derivative of the vector r wrt the unit vector in question divided by the absolute value of the same derivative (as described at http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SphericalCoordinates.html). It is the denominator that is throwing me off.

Can anyone help before I lose my mind?

Thanks!

2. Jun 30, 2009

### Nick Bruno

hi, the denominator is not the absolute value. Its the norm... or in other words the magnitude, or in other words the vector norm, or in other words the L2-norm if u wanna talk about linear algebra.

This means you take the square root of each component squared (added together)

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Norm.html

In this case, the norm of the position vector must be 1... since the derivative of the vector wrt the variables in question is the unit vector.

3. Jul 1, 2009

### danong

hi there,
actually the vector of spherical coordinate depens on which parameter u wish to represent,
for example in euclid, or in riemann the presentation of the vector of a particular coord system would be different,
i suggest u pick up a fundamental study in position vector in euclid before this,

the equation in mathforums at (71) onward are the one who is using the spherical coordinate system to derive, in this case i,j,k component is presented as r, detta, sigma components respectively.
It's only a matter of how you select and define your components.

4. Jul 1, 2009

### arildno

Ok, this is fairly trivial.

Assume that some vector $\vec{u}$ (dependent on some independent variables) has unit size irrespective of the values of the independent variables, i.e:
$$\vec{u}^{2}=1(1)$$

Then, labeling an independent variable as $x_{i}$, we get by differentiating (1) wrt. to that variable:
$$2\frac{\partial\vec{u}}{\partial{x}_{i}}\cdot\vec{u}=0[/itex], i.e, the derivatives of the unit vector are orthogonal to it! Thus, starting out with the radial vector, $$\vec{i}_{r}=\sin\phi\cos\theta\vec{i}+\sin\phi\sin\theta\vec{j}+\cos\phi\vec{k}$$, we perform the two differentiations here: $\frac{\partial\vec{i}_{r}}{\partial\phi}=\cos\phi\cos\theta\vec{i}+\cos\phi\sin\theta\vec{j}-\sin\phi\vec{k}=\vec{i}_{\phi}$$ and: [tex]\frac{\partial\vec{i}_{r}}{\partial\theta}=\sin\phi(-\sin\theta\vec{i}+\cos\theta\vec{j})=\sin\phi\vec{i}_{\theta}$

where the appropriate forms of the unit vectors $\vec{i}_{\phi},\vec{i}_{\theta}$ have been indicated.

5. Jul 1, 2009

### Starproj

Thanks for your input - I get it now! I grinded through the math with a few simple trig substitutions and got the answers provided.

I appreciate you taking the time to relpy.

6. Jul 1, 2009

### danong

lol, hey do not ignore the contribution from arildno,
as i said you need to have some fundamental concept before coming to this, and arildno is giving you the real deriving of it.