First of all, if you want to learn, develop your own problem. As an example:
Objective: Create a text-based calculator.
What you need: Variables, functions, objects (Scanner)
What you need to learn: Variables, functions, objects
How to learn it: Textbook, online Oracle tutorials (reliable source), YouTube
Also I don't understand the question "What are they key ingredients to programming in Java?" The key ingredient to programming is understanding the language and how to use it given a problem.