What Factors Affect the Speed of Sound in Water During Hydrophone Experiments?

[cork-spotters]

I hope this is applicable to this section.

Basically I have two hydrophones immersed in a water bath, approximately 12cm apart. One is connected to a function generator, the other to an oscilloscope.

I'm comparing both the transmitted and received waveforms on the scope, but I'm finding it difficult to explain my results. Basically my observed waveform is at best in phase with the input, and at high freq (~100kHz) actually leads the input signal on the scope!

Doing a basic v = s/t, and taking the accepted value of v=1482m/s, I reckon I should be getting a Δt of 80μs between the waveforms.

Have I broken physics??

 

[SteamKing]

I doubt it.
How big is your water bath?
What material is used to construct the water bath container?
Why are your two hydrophones so close together?
Any possibility of the HF sound setting up resonance in the container itself?
Are the sound waves reflecting of the sides of the water bath?

 

[Bobbywhy]

I hope this is applicable to this section.

Basically I have two hydrophones immersed in a water bath, approximately 12cm apart. One is connected to a function generator, the other to an oscilloscope.

I'm comparing both the transmitted and received waveforms on the scope, but I'm finding it difficult to explain my results. Basically my observed waveform is at best in phase with the input, and at high freq (~100kHz) actually leads the input signal on the scope!

Doing a basic v = s/t, and taking the accepted value of v=1482m/s, I reckon I should be getting a Δt of 80μs between the waveforms.

Have I broken physics??

When sinusoidal waves are displayed on a dual-trace o'scope and they appear to be "in phase" that would mean within a few degrees of one another. Have you considered that the received waveform may be say, 355 degrees later?

 

[cork-spotters]

The bath is approximately 30*16*20cm in dimension internally.

The water bath is of metal (stainless steel I think) construction, but I have wrapped the walls in bubblewrap, placed pebbles in the bottom and various bits of foam floating on top to try and minimise reflections from the container.

The hydrophones are close together due to the small size of the bath.

I'd hope with the padding being used that reflections wouldn't be a problem, but it is a possibility.

I'm going to measure the time delay between the two waves assuming 355* or greater phase difference to see if that explains things, but I think I tried this last week and it didn't really explain it. I'll post back with results though.

Thanks guys.

 

[Redbelly98]

I hope this is applicable to this section.

Basically I have two hydrophones immersed in a water bath, approximately 12cm apart. One is connected to a function generator, the other to an oscilloscope.

I'm comparing both the transmitted and received waveforms on the scope, but I'm finding it difficult to explain my results. Basically my observed waveform is at best in phase with the input, and at high freq (~100kHz) actually leads the input signal on the scope!

Doing a basic v = s/t, and taking the accepted value of v=1482m/s, I reckon I should be getting a Δt of 80μs between the waveforms.

Have I broken physics??

Welcome to Physics Forums.

The wave period for ~100 kHz is only ~10 μs. A delay of 80 μs (that you calculated correctly, btw) will show up many periods later, and so be indistinguishable from a delay that is less than 1 period. Bobbywhy was pretty much on the right track, but the problem is a lot worse than being ~360°, it's more like ~8*360°.

The easy thing to try is to move the hydrophones slightly closer or farther, by a few mm, and see if the waveform delay changes by the appropriate amount. Best if you can observe the waveforms while moving the hydrophones.

Another thing to try is a much lower frequency, with a period considerably longer than 80 μs. This would mean considerably lower than 10 kHz.

If possible, try a signal burst that lasts only several periods @ ~100 kHz and then turns off, and look for when the receiver picks up the burst. May or may not be possible with the generator you have. The off time should be considerably longer than 80 μs before sending the next burst.

 

[johnbbahm]

Years ago, I had the telecom students build a simple TDR, Time Domain Reflectometer.
I had them create the pulse with a d flip-flop, D tied high, and -Q tied to clr.
clk is tied to a 1 khz clock. The output of Q will be about a 100 ns pulse occurring at 1 khz.
You can make the pulse longer by adding a resistor and capacitor.
Something like this should let you see your exact delay, as the pulse rep rate is much slower
than travel time.
I expect you will be able to see the secondary reflections from the sides of the tank,
but they may get lost in the general pulse dispersion.
You can increase the clock input rate to more closely match the scope scan.
have fun, sounds like an interesting experiment.