What is spin up and spin down?

[reilly]

History, once again, gives the answers. Go back and study the Stern-Gerlach experiment.

Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

 

[lightarrow]

History, once again, gives the answers. Go back and study the Stern-Gerlach experiment.

Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

You were answering to my post?

 

[cybercrypt13]

History, once again, gives the answers. Go back and study the Stern-Gerlach experiment.

Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

Thanks reilly. Reading it now and it seems to be written where even I can understand it... :-)

Thanks,

glenn

 

[cybercrypt13]

History, once again, gives the answers. Go back and study the Stern-Gerlach experiment.

Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

I've erased my previous question as I think I figured it out on my own. I'll post again if I think of something else.

Thanks,

glenn

 

[reilly]

lightarrow -- There are two main reasons why QM is difficult, odd, weird, and contrary to normal common sense.

First, QM was developed to explain phenomena that could not be explained by classical physics: atomic spectra, electron diffraction; nuclear decay, spin, ...These are brain defying phenomena if you try to understand or describe them with classical physics. Can't be done.

Second: the natural language of QM involves fairly sophisticated math, PDE, Hilbert Spaces, and so on.

Thus it is difficult to get a good understanding of QM without several years of hard study. Sad but true. You can get an "OK" understanding from the literature for layfolks, but there will be many aspects of QM beyond your reach until you get to graduate level QM.
Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

 

[Demystifier]

Spin is a property of the wave function. To view this as a property of the particle, we must view the particle as the wave function. To understand how exactly the particle can be identified with the wave function, we must deal with interpretations of QM, on which there is no true consensus among physicists.

For example, in the Bohmian interpretation, the particle and the wave function are DIFFERENT things. Wave function (with the property of having the spin) influences the motion of the particle, which provides a possible explanation for why the Stern-Gerlach apparatus (which really measures the particle position) indirectly determines the spin of the wave function.

 

[lightarrow]

lightarrow -- There are two main reasons why QM is difficult, odd, weird, and contrary to normal common sense.

First, QM was developed to explain phenomena that could not be explained by classical physics: atomic spectra, electron diffraction; nuclear decay, spin, ...These are brain defying phenomena if you try to understand or describe them with classical physics. Can't be done.

Second: the natural language of QM involves fairly sophisticated math, PDE, Hilbert Spaces, and so on.

Thus it is difficult to get a good understanding of QM without several years of hard study. Sad but true. You can get an "OK" understanding from the literature for layfolks, but there will be many aspects of QM beyond your reach until you get to graduate level QM.



Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

To me, it's not so sad the fact to study QM at graduate level, it's said the fact it wasn't taught so well to make me understand what is physics and what is mathematics (maybe it just depends on the teachers I had at university).
Judging from what some other people says, I would say I'm not the only one with this problem.

A typical example is this: a very low energy photon is emitted from a light source and hits a screen and we detect a bright pointy flash on it.
Question: how can you prove *experimentally* that the photon has traveled from the source to the screen, if you destroy it in such a measure? So, how can you prove to me that the photon *physically* and not mathematically, really exist from source to screen?

I still haven't received a satisfying answer to this question from the many physicists I have asked it. They answer that the photon exist the same; I wonder how then they worry about QM paradoxes, if they talk about "gosts" and not about physical objects.

Some says that physics is not simply what we can measure. Ok, so, what is physics exactly? What does "to exist" mean in physics?
Why they don't write this on books? How can people hope to understand completely QM if they "seem" not to understand what that exactly mean?

 

[cybercrypt13]

lightarrow -- There are two main reasons why QM is difficult, odd, weird, and contrary to normal common sense.

First, QM was developed to explain phenomena that could not be explained by classical physics: atomic spectra, electron diffraction; nuclear decay, spin, ...These are brain defying phenomena if you try to understand or describe them with classical physics. Can't be done.

Second: the natural language of QM involves fairly sophisticated math, PDE, Hilbert Spaces, and so on.

Thus it is difficult to get a good understanding of QM without several years of hard study. Sad but true. You can get an "OK" understanding from the literature for layfolks, but there will be many aspects of QM beyond your reach until you get to graduate level QM.



Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

Reilly, I go no where near saying I understand anything at all, however, for you to claim understanding at graduate level would seem to put you light years beyond others, since I've not really seen anyone claim understanding of QM. I won't argue that its math and wave functions work to predict things, however, to say anyone understands why, would be foolish.

We could stop all the talks on all subjects except one, (two-slit experiment) and I would bet you, that you'd have an infinite number of explanations for what is going on. Most from people that had never done an experiment, but instead quote others work as fact, would be offering all types of spooky claims.

People on this forum have used the term of instant communication beyond the speed of light numerous times to explain how QM is a fact, yet none seem to care that its quite impossible for anyone to measure such a communication time. Do they use their stop watch?

The point is, there are experiments that QM's functions help to predict, yet with no explanation as to the why. For any of us to claim we understand any of it would either be foolish, or make oneself above the crowd.

At least that's my opinion...

glenn

 

[ZapperZ]

Reilly, I go no where near saying I understand anything at all, however, for you to claim understanding at graduate level would seem to put you light years beyond others, since I've not really seen anyone claim understanding of QM. I won't argue that its math and wave functions work to predict things, however, to say anyone understands why, would be foolish.

We could stop all the talks on all subjects except one, (two-slit experiment) and I would bet you, that you'd have an infinite number of explanations for what is going on. Most from people that had never done an experiment, but instead quote others work as fact, would be offering all types of spooky claims.

People on this forum have used the term of instant communication beyond the speed of light numerous times to explain how QM is a fact, yet none seem to care that its quite impossible for anyone to measure such a communication time. Do they use their stop watch?

The point is, there are experiments that QM's functions help to predict, yet with no explanation as to the why. For any of us to claim we understand any of it would either be foolish, or make oneself above the crowd.

At least that's my opinion...

glenn

Forget about your obsession with QM. Take ANY classical phenomenon. Can you point out to me where there is a complete WHY explanation that accompanies that phenomenon?

Zz.

 

[cybercrypt13]

Forget about your obsession with QM. Take ANY classical phenomenon. Can you point out to me where there is a complete WHY explanation that accompanies that phenomenon?

Zz.

Hmm, very good question...

If I have a box that is taped closed I can not see inside it. Why? Because its closed and I have no means of seeing what is inside.

I tear the box open and can now view its contents. Why? Because I've opened the box and its no longer closed.

I know where you are going though... I just thought I'd play along. Your point is valid. However, I'm not the one that stated that I understood anything... :-)

glenn

 

[ZapperZ]

Hmm, very good question...

If I have a box that is taped closed I can not see inside it. Why? Because its closed and I have no means of seeing what is inside.

I tear the box open and can now view its contents. Why? Because I've opened the box and its no longer closed.

I know where you are going though... I just thought I'd play along. Your point is valid. However, I'm not the one that stated that I understood anything... :-)

glenn

Then you have just declared that all your rants about QM are moot. Until you can point out to me one single classical phenomenon that have a basic, ultimate fundamental "explanation", you cannot use such argument against QM. This is because you cannot ask for something that has never existed in the first place.

Zz.

 

[Demystifier]

Forget about your obsession with QM. Take ANY classical phenomenon. Can you point out to me where there is a complete WHY explanation that accompanies that phenomenon?

Whenever one has a conceptual problem with QM, it is instructive to compare it with an analogous problem in classical mechanics.
For example, classical mechanics can also be formulated as a purely probabilistic theory described only by a wave function satisfying a (modified) Schrödinger equation and interpreted as if only observed phenomena was really physical:
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0505143

 

[Demystifier]

To me, it's not so sad the fact to study QM at graduate level, it's said the fact it wasn't taught so well to make me understand what is physics and what is mathematics (maybe it just depends on the teachers I had at university).
Judging from what some other people says, I would say I'm not the only one with this problem.

A typical example is this: a very low energy photon is emitted from a light source and hits a screen and we detect a bright pointy flash on it.
Question: how can you prove *experimentally* that the photon has traveled from the source to the screen, if you destroy it in such a measure? So, how can you prove to me that the photon *physically* and not mathematically, really exist from source to screen?

I still haven't received a satisfying answer to this question from the many physicists I have asked it. They answer that the photon exist the same; I wonder how then they worry about QM paradoxes, if they talk about "gosts" and not about physical objects.

Some says that physics is not simply what we can measure. Ok, so, what is physics exactly? What does "to exist" mean in physics?
Why they don't write this on books? How can people hope to understand completely QM if they "seem" not to understand what that exactly mean?

Excellent objections!
I believe that physicists avoid talking about these things for two reasons:
1. They do not know the answers.
2. If they dare to talk about it, they will be accused for being too philosophical rather than scientific.

 

[ZapperZ]

Whenever one has a conceptual problem with QM, it is instructive to compare it with an analogous problem in classical mechanics.
For example, classical mechanics can also be formulated as a purely probabilistic theory described only by a wave function satisfying a (modified) Schrödinger equation and interpreted as if only observed phenomena was really physical:
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0505143

That was what I was trying to do, although, not the extent of showing an underlying "probabilistic" nature of classical physics.

It's a constant source of minor annoyance for me that whenever someone points out these things in QM, it appears AS IF QM is the only thing that "suffers" from such a scenario. This, as you know, is totally false. People seem to think that we "understand" classical physics, when in reality, it has the SAME underlying foundation that all we have are "descriptions", be it complete or incomplete, of properties and behavior. Nothing more than that. So the fact that this occurs throughout physics (and for many people, also throughout science) boggles my mind on why they continue to use such arguments against QM alone! They are asking for something out of QM that does not exist in physics.

Zz.

 

[blueice760]

angular momentum is a quantized quantity in QM. the values the angular momentum can take on are S=n(h/(2pi)), where n takes on values of +-1/2, thus we refer to the spin up when n = +1/2 and spin down when n = -1/2. This is only a NOTION, the particle such as the electron does not occupy a volume thus there is no conventional spin! it is just an analogy! though this is sloppy language it is convention in physics. better to refer to it with the proper language as "...the particle has angular momentum with n=+1/2 or n=-1/2..."

 

[cybercrypt13]

Then you have just declared that all your rants about QM are moot. Until you can point out to me one single classical phenomenon that have a basic, ultimate fundamental "explanation", you cannot use such argument against QM. This is because you cannot ask for something that has never existed in the first place.

Zz.

Is this a fair response? The reason I didn't offer anything is that since QM has surfaced we seem incapable of making claims or explanations of anything at all. We've entered a realm of "We can't know so don't ask", that seems to make asking questions about anything a little risky.

As an example: I can explain to you that if I throw a baseball or shoot a rocket, or send a spaceship to mars, we can know a great deal about where, how, and when and what will happen. However, you'll just start bringing up the fact that we don't now what space is and so forth so how do we really know. Its sort of like the kid game where they ask you a question, you answer and then they keep asking why. You can never finish the conversation because you can always say why.

A spaceship is launched and we know where its going and how its going to get there. The claim is made that its going to the moon. It goes to the moon. These are facts and we knew them ahead of time.

QM makes a claim that nothing exists unless we observe it. This is a philosophical debate. We can't prove this, its just something derived from QM and those that built it. Its like we've taken a wave function that correctly predicts the location of an electron, acknowledged the fact that it has no logical reason why it will be there, and then built on top of that a lot of philosophical opinions about the subject.

In the end, it becomes very confusing to all of us. Its sort of like the IRS taxcode. Its there, but no one understands it... :-) that was a joke, albeit true.

Anyway, I understand where you are coming from, but to me its not a fair analysis. We can always ask another why question, but to say that in the classical universe we understand nothing would seem unfair.

glenn

 

[ZapperZ]

As an example: I can explain to you that if I throw a baseball or shoot a rocket, or send a spaceship to mars, we can know a great deal about where, how, and when and what will happen. However, you'll just start bringing up the fact that we don't now what space is and so forth so how do we really know. Its sort of like the kid game where they ask you a question, you answer and then they keep asking why. You can never finish the conversation because you can always say why.

No, actually "... we can know a great deal about where, how, and when and what will happen.." are NOT "explanations", but rather descriptions! You seem to think that those are "explanations". They are descriptions of the dynamics of the system. It explains nothing!

QM does the same. It will tell you the time evolution of all the observables of the system. There's no difference. If you measure it at such-and-such time, you will get such-and-such outcomes. In fact, if you do this many, many times, it can give you the outcome with uncanny precision!

This is why I asked you why are you picking on QM when ALL of physics have the same property. THIS is what is "unfair".

Zz.

 

[Demystifier]

Is this a fair response? The reason I didn't offer anything is that since QM has surfaced we seem incapable of making claims or explanations of anything at all. We've entered a realm of "We can't know so don't ask", that seems to make asking questions about anything a little risky.

As an example: I can explain to you that if I throw a baseball or shoot a rocket, or send a spaceship to mars, we can know a great deal about where, how, and when and what will happen. However, you'll just start bringing up the fact that we don't now what space is and so forth so how do we really know. Its sort of like the kid game where they ask you a question, you answer and then they keep asking why. You can never finish the conversation because you can always say why.

A spaceship is launched and we know where its going and how its going to get there. The claim is made that its going to the moon. It goes to the moon. These are facts and we knew them ahead of time.

QM makes a claim that nothing exists unless we observe it. This is a philosophical debate. We can't prove this, its just something derived from QM and those that built it. Its like we've taken a wave function that correctly predicts the location of an electron, acknowledged the fact that it has no logical reason why it will be there, and then built on top of that a lot of philosophical opinions about the subject.

In the end, it becomes very confusing to all of us. Its sort of like the IRS taxcode. Its there, but no one understands it... :-) that was a joke, albeit true.

Anyway, I understand where you are coming from, but to me its not a fair analysis. We can always ask another why question, but to say that in the classical universe we understand nothing would seem unfair.

Are you familiar with the Bohmian interpretation of QM?
If not, I believe you might like it.
For a somewhat wider context see also
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0609163

 

[cybercrypt13]

No, actually "... we can know a great deal about where, how, and when and what will happen.." are NOT "explanations", but rather descriptions! You seem to think that those are "explanations". They are descriptions of the dynamics of the system. It explains nothing!

QM does the same. It will tell you the time evolution of all the observables of the system. There's no difference. If you measure it at such-and-such time, you will get such-and-such outcomes. In fact, if you do this many, many times, it can give you the outcome with uncanny precision!

This is why I asked you why are you picking on QM when ALL of physics have the same property. THIS is what is "unfair".

Zz.

Ok, I see your point. And just for the record, its not that I'm picking on QM. Its more that when trying to ask what I would think are simple questions I get 20 different answers, and most sound more like double talk than an actual answer. I actually like learning QM's, I just get frustrated sometimes with the lack of understandings and yet the non-ending flow of philosophical ideas...

Thanks,

glenn

 

[cybercrypt13]

Are you familiar with the Bohmian interpretation of QM?
If not, I believe you might like it.
For a somewhat wider context see also
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0609163

No I'm not but I will check it out. Thanks,

glenn

 

[cybercrypt13]

Are you familiar with the Bohmian interpretation of QM?
If not, I believe you might like it.
For a somewhat wider context see also
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0609163

Thanks for the link and it basically says it all. I'm not nearly as frustrated with QM as Zapper thinks I am. The real fact is that I'm tired of everyone making all sorts of claims as fact that just can't be known as such. People talk about entangled particles communicating faster than light, yet its not proven. Honestly I'm not even sure what experiment you'd concoct that would prove such a claim. How would you measure the communication rate to be faster than light when we can't possibly measure something faster than light.

I've never said QM wasn't very cool, only that we try to make it a philosophical debate instead of accepting that we just don't know.

Thanks for the link though, at least my opinion seems to be shared by one person... :-)

glenn

 

[ZapperZ]

Ok, I see your point. And just for the record, its not that I'm picking on QM. Its more that when trying to ask what I would think are simple questions I get 20 different answers, and most sound more like double talk than an actual answer. I actually like learning QM's, I just get frustrated sometimes with the lack of understandings and yet the non-ending flow of philosophical ideas...

That's nothing! Try asking if light has mass. You'll get varying interpretation also. This occurs in many places in physics and not just restricted to QM. Yet, it doesn't bother physicists very often because we know the "physics", rather than the human-language-interpretation of physics. You seem to be confusing between the two. People can disagree with what such-and-such means, but they don't disagree about that such-and-such. They are not the same thing!

The problem here is that you are trying to learn about physics, not physics itself. When you do that, of course you will run into varying approaches and interpretation. Compound that to the fact that you are not seeing the actual physics - all you get are handwaving descriptions. That's like seeing only the shadow of a cow during different times of the day. You're getting confused that it looks different each time you come back to take a look at it, when in actuality, you should have been paying attention to the cow itself!

If you want to understand physics, then learn physics like the rest of us. There's no shortcut. But don't fool yourself into thinking you are learning physics when you are actually learning ABOUT physics.

Zz.

Zz.

 

[cybercrypt13]

If you want to understand physics, then learn physics like the rest of us. There's no shortcut. But don't fool yourself into thinking you are learning physics when you are actually learning ABOUT physics.

Zz.

Zz.

Boy, I thought I was learning... lol. I guess asking questions or not completely understanding a subject at its start was by passed in your study. I wish I could be so lucky but it takes time for me. I have to read, ask questions, get answers and repeat. Sometimes when answers don't make sense I have to ask them again. I just hope you're not a teacher... :-)

I will say, I've asked a couple different questions on this board and you seem to be the only one that hunts me down and gets right to the "You don't know anything" remarks. I guess we can't all be a smart as you, but its obvious your intelligence doesn't help any in communication skills.

As I've repeated to you multiple times, I'm not attacking QM's. I'm just trying to figure out things such as spin, entanglement and so forth. When the answers don't make sense I have to ask again. This thread itself is a perfect example of the different types of answers you get to a simple question by the OP.

Please stop attacking and just answer questions. If I'm off base its ok to explain to me why, you don't have to get personal and start telling me to go to school. I'm in school, I'm just not finished yet and didn't realize I needed to wait until that day before I could ask questions or share my opinion... right or wrong.

glenn

 

[Demystifier]

The problem here is that you are trying to learn about physics, not physics itself.

But if you learn something ABOUT physics, as a byproduct you may also learn a part of physics itself, perhaps even a pat that otherwise you would never learn by directly learning only physics itself. In fact, the creators of science called physics probably started with thinking ABOUT physics.

 

[ZapperZ]

Boy, I thought I was learning... lol. I guess asking questions or not completely understanding a subject at its start was by passed in your study. I wish I could be so lucky but it takes time for me. I have to read, ask questions, get answers and repeat. Sometimes when answers don't make sense I have to ask them again. I just hope you're not a teacher... :-)

I will say, I've asked a couple different questions on this board and you seem to be the only one that hunts me down and gets right to the "You don't know anything" remarks. I guess we can't all be a smart as you, but its obvious your intelligence doesn't help any in communication skills.

As I've repeated to you multiple times, I'm not attacking QM's. I'm just trying to figure out things such as spin, entanglement and so forth. When the answers don't make sense I have to ask again. This thread itself is a perfect example of the different types of answers you get to a simple question by the OP.

Please stop attacking and just answer questions. If I'm off base its ok to explain to me why, you don't have to get personal and start telling me to go to school. I'm in school, I'm just not finished yet and didn't realize I needed to wait until that day before I could ask questions or share my opinion... right or wrong.

glenn

And you don't see what I was 'attacking'? You didn't just ASK a question. If I were to attack people who just ask, then I'd be all over the place. You did more than just that. You liberally sprinkled your posts with definitive statements of what you think of it is based on faulty knowledge. You even showed no hesitation to make blatant characterization of people who have responded to you as either not understand of what they're explaining, or wanting to HIDE the info. THIS is what I asked you to stop.

If you do not understand something, ask. If the answer still isn't fully clear, ASK some more. But to then proclaim that no one understands light is absurd. That would qualify as an overly-speculative opinion, the same way you are drawing up your conclusion about me based on the flimsy "evidence" that you gathered on here.

I would also suggest that you study it NOT by starting from the philosophical interpretation. It is my strong opinion that THAT is the wrong starting point, because you will start it with already a point of view in mind. If this is how you wish study science, then I guess that rather explains what has transpired here.

Zz.

 

[ZapperZ]

But if you learn something ABOUT physics, as a byproduct you may also learn a part of physics itself, perhaps even a pat that otherwise you would never learn by directly learning only physics itself. In fact, the creators of science called physics probably started with thinking ABOUT physics.

I'm not so sure about that, since I can't tell what the "creators of science called physics" were thinking way back then. And I certainly do not doubt that one can get some superficial knowledge of physics by learning about physics. My point is that they are not the same thing. You learn more about physics by reading pop-science books than learning physics. If they are the same thing, we could simply dump Griffith's QM text and get the student to just read Gribbin's "In Search of Schrödinger's Cat" book. It would certainly be a lot more entertaining.

The problem here is not about these sources of information. The problem is the perception that these "about physics" knowledge is sufficient and equivalent to "physics" knowledge. I'm sure you have seen many instances on the internet where people who have read only books like Hawking's "Brief History of Time" somehow now proclaim to have ample knowledge to talk about General Relativity and Cosmology. While I have often encourage people to read such books, I have never encouraged those people to have the delusions that such books have actually taught them physics. You do not teach someone by popping out things out of nowhere with no logical series of steps. And certainly, you cannot teach physics via handwaving arguments exclusively.

The OP's question of what is spin up and spin down is perfectly valid. I also think that you and others on here have sufficiently answered that question. However, this thread has deteriorated into a question of defending QM and such philosophical issues.

Zz.

 

[Anonym]

Mind you that spin comes into play in QM not necessarily in connection with the Dirac equation.

The necessity to introduce the spin came out in order to explain the experimental results (Zeeman effect). It is known as the Pauli theory of spin. It is usually mentioned in the connection with the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac theory of electron. The only detailed textbook discussion of it known to me is given by V.A. Fock, “Foundations of quantum mechanics”, 2nd edition, 1976. This is last book written by V.A. Fock and it seems that there is no English translation. Pauli obtain the correct magnetic moment of the electron (g=2). The electron is described in terms of two component spinors only (no negative energy solutions, no sea and no Zitterbewegung present). Pauli invention of the electron spin breaks the algebraic structure of the 2-dim complex Hilbert space, the mathematical framework of the standard QM (Pauli introduced the 4-dim C2 Clifford algebra). The Dirac theory of the electron uses the 16-dim C4 Clifford algebra. It is worth to mention that P.A.M. Dirac was never satisfied with that.

Regards, Dany.

 

[Demystifier]

ZapperZ, I completely agree with what you say above. Still, I have to emphasize that a boundary between "physics" and "about physics" is not strict. For example, a reader who read the physics textbook of Mesiah or Schiff could say that the Griffith's textbook you mention above is not completely physics but something between physics and about physics.

 

[reilly]

Originally Posted by lightarrow View Post
To me, it's not so sad the fact to study QM at graduate level, it's said the fact it wasn't taught so well to make me understand what is physics and what is mathematics (maybe it just depends on the teachers I had at university).
Judging from what some other people says, I would say I'm not the only one with this problem.

A typical example is this: a very low energy photon is emitted from a light source and hits a screen and we detect a bright pointy flash on it.
Question: how can you prove *experimentally* that the photon has traveled from the source to the screen, if you destroy it in such a measure? So, how can you prove to me that the photon *physically* and not mathematically, really exist from source to screen?

I still haven't received a satisfying answer to this question from the many physicists I have asked it. They answer that the photon exist the same; I wonder how then they worry about QM paradoxes, if they talk about "gosts" and not about physical objects.

Some says that physics is not simply what we can measure. Ok, so, what is physics exactly? What does "to exist" mean in physics?
Why they don't write this on books? How can people hope to understand completely QM if they "seem" not to understand what that exactly mean?

Excellent objections!
I believe that physicists avoid talking about these things for two reasons:
1. They do not know the answers.
2. If they dare to talk about it, they will be accused for being too philosophical rather than scientific.

First, most of us have had lousy teachers -- so, you have to study harder and read everything about the subject.

About the photon path: How do you know that a pulsed radar signal actually travels back and forth from transmitter to, say, airplane, back to the receiver? The problem you state is not restricted to QM.

If you look at the history of physics, you will see that the assumption of light/photon propagation is the best game in town, for both classical and quantum physics.(Recall Hughens.) If you don't like that assumption, then put it to the test. Move the screen around, say directly toward the source:you will find experimental evidence that the photon does indeed propagate as advertised.Demystifier: Your comment about "being philosophical" simply is not true, unless you can cite an example or two. And your comment about lack of understanding is also not true, which I believe I've demonstrated. Also, consider lasers; you can see the propagation of photons with your very own eyes.

Regards,
Reilly Atkinson

 

[masudr]

I'm sure it's fairly well known that to some extent, particles do not follow paths (in the QM formalism, particularly the Feynman formalism), instead they have probabilities that they would follow (and therefore have followed) a certain path; and in a very real (or complex.. haw haw haw) sense, the probability has a contribution from every possible path between those points.

In that sense, it doesn't make sense to say a photon took this path between two points. The formalism tells us every possible path somehow contributed to it. Whether or not the mathematical formalism is to be taken seriously in this context, however, is up to philosophers, is it not?