What Are the Most Accurate Theories in Quantum Physics?

[nickisverygoo]

Sorry I am new to quantum physics. I am curious about what is the most accurate theory till now to predict quantum behavior. And I have several questions.
1. Is quantum field theory a "method" and can used universally in standard model?
2.What is the most accurate theory(or model) recently in particle physics?
3.What quantum phonomenons are now unexplained or sure againsting current models?
4.Is quantum eraser explained and can be predicted? I did not seen it at wiki "unsolved physics problems", but why is it againsting cusality? Or cusality isn't a necessary condition to quantum mechenics?

 

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[atyy]

1. Quantum field theory is essentially the quantum mechanics of many identical particles, in which creation and destruction of particles as observed in relativistic phenomena can be described.

2-3. The most accurate model is the standard model of particle physics, which describes almost all observed phenomena in the absence of gravity. In the presence of gravity, quantum field theory and general relativity can be combined to give LCDM model of cosmology, which is also consistent with all observed phenomena in gravity. The main thing that is not described by the standard model is neutrino mass, which it can accommodate, but I don't think there is yet a standard way to do it. (Dark matter is also a problem, since the evidence suggests a particle exists which we have not yet discovered.)

4. The quantum eraser is not a problem, and the apparent paradox arises from a confusing way of thinking about what is happening. Causality is not violated.

Neutrino mass: http://ctp.berkeley.edu/neutrino/neutrino5.html
Dark matter: http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmology_faq.html#DM

There are many open problems in "non-fundamental" physics, such as high temperature superconductivity or curing Alzheimer's disease. However, these are believed to be problems in how we apply known laws, rather than discovering new laws. There is also the problem of quantum gravity at high energies, where new laws are probably needed. However, quantum gravity at high energies is not a problem of being unable to describe what we see, but it is more theoretical. All observations to date are consistent with our present theory of quantum gravity at low energies.

 

[mfb]

1. Is quantum field theory a "method" and can used universally in standard model?

It is a set of equations. The solutions of those equations correspond to things we observe in experiments, so you can use those equations to make predictions for the observations.

2.What is the most accurate theory(or model) recently in particle physics?

The Standard Model, which is based on quantum field theory (it is a set of specific fields, all of them follow the equations of quantum field theory).

3.What quantum phonomenons are now unexplained or sure againsting current models?

Nothing fundamental (if you count neutrino masses as part of the standard model). There are some observations that suggest the existence of additional things (most notably dark matter) not described in the standard model, but no clear deviation from the predictions of the standard model has been observed so far.
There are also things too complex to treat on a fundamental level (like superconductivity atyy mentioned), but those are not part of particle physics.

4.Is quantum eraser explained and can be predicted? I did not seen it at wiki "unsolved physics problems", but why is it againsting cusality? Or cusality isn't a necessary condition to quantum mechenics?

Yes, this is not a problem. It is just a bit counter-intuitive, but predicting the results with quantum mechanics is easy.
Causality depends on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, but most interpretations follow it.

 

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