What is the significance of using pseudorapidity in HEP experiments?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the significance of using pseudorapidity (η) in high-energy physics (HEP) experiments, particularly in relation to angular distribution and its advantages over traditional angular measurements like θ. Participants also explore related concepts such as minimum bias events and pile-up in particle collisions.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants explain minimum bias events as those that are recorded with minimal trigger requirements to ensure a collision occurred, which may not represent all collisions due to the bias introduced by focusing on "interesting" events.
  • Participants describe pile-up as multiple collisions occurring in the same bunch crossing, with examples noting up to ~40 collisions for experiments like ATLAS and CMS.
  • One participant questions the reason for using pseudorapidity (η) instead of the polar angle (θ) for describing angular distributions, suggesting that η provides a more convenient scale for plotting distributions.
  • Another participant notes that differences in rapidity are invariant under Lorentz transformations along the beam axis, indicating a relationship between rapidity and pseudorapidity, especially at high energies.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express varying levels of understanding regarding the use of pseudorapidity, with some agreeing on its advantages while others seek clarification on its relation to special relativity. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the specific reasons for preferring η over θ.

Contextual Notes

Some assumptions about the relationship between pseudorapidity and special relativity are not fully explored, and the discussion does not resolve the nuances between rapidity and pseudorapidity.

HAMJOOP
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I read some of the articles related to particle physics experiment and don't know the meaning of it.

1. minimum bias event

2. pile up

Also, η (pseudo-rapidity) is used instead of θ to describes the angular distribution, but why ?

Can someone explains to me ?
 
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(1) experiments cannot keep all events, just a tiny bit passes the trigger steps. But those are not representative for all collisions any more (because you specifically look for "interesting" things - that's the idea of the trigger), so they are biased. To study the general particle distributions, a low rate of events is written to disk with just minimal trigger requirements (to make sure there was a collision at all, basically).

(2) multiple collisions happening in the same bunch crossing. Up to ~40 for ATLAS and CMS.

Also, η (pseudo-rapidity) is used instead of θ to describes the angular distribution, but why ?
It is a more convenient scale. If you plot "interesting things" over the angle, you get a large peak for small θ and there is a huge difference between 1° and 3°, for example. This does not happen with pseudo-rapidity.
 
η (pseudo-rapidity) is something related to special relativity.
Is there any reasons related to special relativity for using η ?
 
Differences in rapidity are invariant under Lorentz transformations (along the beam axis). It's not exactly the same as the pseudorapidity η, but for large energy of the particles they are very similar.
 

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