When two objects Attract/Repel(Charges/magnets/electromagnets/etc )

[Phztastic]

Hi,


In any case where there is a force of attraction/repulsion between two objects, those forces are due to those TWO objects?
Two charges/two magnets/two electromagnets

When they attract/repel the force is due to the both acting on the other?


Much obliged
Phz.

 

[Simon Bridge]

The force between two objects is mutual, yes.

 

[Phztastic]

The force between two objects is mutual, yes.

The force is mutual, the force is due from both of them. The net force is dependent on both objects not one only.
Attraction/Repulsion is to me the net force of both forces between the objects. To calculate them, I need to know the force of each first! Then figure out the net force(attraction/repulsion).

 

[Simon Bridge]

Attraction/Repulsion is to me the net force of both forces between the objects. To calculate them, I need to know the force of each first! Then figure out the net force(attraction/repulsion).

By "mutual" I mean that if object A is attracted to object B, then object B is also attracted to object A.
You are attracted to the Earth by gravity - and the Earth is attracted to you too. The Moon does not, properly, orbit the Earth - the Earth and Moon orbit each other about their common center of mass.
That better?

Two masses m and M are attracted to each other - show me how you would go about calculating the force experienced by m due to M?

 

[Phztastic]

By "mutual" I mean that if object A is attracted to object B, then object B is also attracted to object A.
You are attracted to the Earth by gravity - and the Earth is attracted to you too. The Moon does not, properly, orbit the Earth - the Earth and Moon orbit each other about their common center of mass.
That better?

Much better.

Two masses m and M are attracted to each other - show me how you would go about calculating the force experienced by m due to M?

I have no idea.
I understand the concept that m Is attracted M, and M is attracted to m is based of Newton's law(Not sure which one), but is the force equally the same though? Always? Aren't there any factors that determine that force?

For example, let's say X is attracted to Y.
X can attract with 5N
and Y can attract with 50N.

Is X attracted to Y with 5N, and Y is attracted to X with 50N?
I'm positively sure 100% that's wrong but are there any examples of the above?

Because I still think that the attraction/repulsion forces are dependent on each object's applied force on the other object. I treat both of those forces like the net force between those two object I guess.

Due tell if I'm mistaken(Which I'm sure I am, the idea of force confuses me till this day).
Phz.

 

[Nugatory]

I understand the concept that m Is attracted M, and M is attracted to m is based of Newton's law(Not sure which one), but is the force equally the same though? Always? Aren't there any factors that determine that force?

For example, let's say X is attracted to Y.
X can attract with 5N
and Y can attract with 50N.

Is X attracted to Y with 5N, and Y is attracted to X with 50N?
I'm positively sure 100% that's wrong but are there any examples of the above?

Because I still think that the attraction/repulsion forces are dependent on each object's applied force on the other object. I treat both of those forces like the net force between those two object I guess.

Newton's third law is the answer that you're looking for. Google for it, or check the wikipedia article on "Newton's Laws".

 

[Simon Bridge]

Taking gravity as an example:
You have this idea that a small mass has less gravity, so it should have a weaker attraction.
So in the example, if X has the small mass, and Y the bigger mass, then you'd think that Y attracts X more strongly than X attracts Y.

This intuition comes from seeing that the bigger mass clearly moves less.
If I drop a spanner (small mass), I experience the spanner falling to the Earth (big mass), not the Earth rising to meet the spanner... so it is tempting to think that the Earth attracts the spanner more than the spanner attracts the Earth.

However - the fact is that if X is attracted to Y, then Y is also attracted to X with equal strength.
X and Y experience the same strength force, in opposite directions. As Nugatory says, it is law #3.

Since F=ma, and the forces are the same, the smaller mass will experience a bigger acceleration, and, so, will have the biggest movement ... giving rise to the intuitive feeling.

There is still a valid idea that big masses have more gravity somehow ... this is taken up by the concept of the gravitational field. To find the force on Y due to X, you take the gravitational field of X, and multiply it by the mass of Y. To find the force on X due to Y, you take the gravitational field of Y and multiply by the mass of X.

So, if X has mass m and Y has mass M, M > m, the gravitational field due to X is $g_X=Gm/r^2$, and the gravitational field due to Y is $g_Y = GM/r^2$ (notice that $g_Y > g_X$)... and you can work out the forces yourself to see how they end up the same even though the strength of gravity differs.

 

[Phztastic]

I have a question though.
When two magnet's attract. Is the net force canceled when they are fully attracted? If so, how is it canceled and they are still attracted? I only notice the motion cancelled.

 

[Nugatory]

I have a question though.
When two magnet's attract. Is the net force canceled when they are fully attracted? If so, how is it canceled and they are still attracted? I only notice the motion cancelled.

You mean when they're touching so cannot move any closer? The magnetic force between them is still at work: the first magnet is pulling on the second, and the second magnet is pulling on the first with an equal and opposite force, just as when the two magnets were moving closer.

However, there is another force at work when the magnets are touching: the surface of each magnet is resisting being compressed by the other magnet being pulled into it. This force exactly cancels the force that's pulling on the first magnet, so the first magnet no longer moves.

 

[Simon Bridge]

Thanks Nugatory.
@Phztastic: he is exactly correct - the magnets still have magnetic attraction for each other when they are touching. The magnets stop moving when they are touching because they are touching ... solid objects do not normally pass through each other.

Similarly, when you hit the ground you stop falling... but you still have weight right? Gravity is still acting on you. If you hit water, you'd continue falling through the water at a different rate - not because you have less weight inside the water but because the water buoys you up.

When you are stationary, or moving at a constant speed, we say that the forces acting on you are in balance so there is no net force.

 

[Phztastic]

Finally I get the idea!
I was struggling with it for a while!

 

[Phztastic]

Electromagnet(1) and electromagnet(2) are equally the same in everything but their pole strengths.
Because(1) has more power, it would generated a stronger force than (2).
To make it easier, (1) has a force of 10N while (2) has a force of 1 N.
What is he force between them when attracted/repelled? How does Newton's third apply here?

 

[Simon Bridge]

That is not a correct description of the electromagnets.
Please read post #7 again.

There is no way to assign a particular force to a particular magnet in the way you describe.
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet#Force_between_electromagnets for how to compute the force between two electromagnets.

The upshot is: if (2) experiences a 10N force from (1), then (1) also experiences a 10N force from (2).

 

[Phztastic]

That is not a correct description of the electromagnets.
Please read post #7 again.

There is no way to assign a particular force to a particular magnet in the way you describe.
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet#Force_between_electromagnets for how to compute the force between two electromagnets.

The upshot is: if (2) experiences a 10N force from (1), then (1) also experiences a 10N force from (2).

I know this might be stated wrongly, but I wanted to bring an example using some numbers(e.g 10N/1N) and its related to magnetsim so I can understand.

But you're right.

(2) would experience 10N and (1) will to.
But in this case where the forces are not equally the same initially (1) has a stronger force than (2), shouldn't I add the forces? So that it would be 11N for both of them? What happens to the force that (2) applies that is 1N?
Or I should consider the greater force only that is from (2) and know that it's equally applied to both of them?

I thought that I should add/multiply the force from both of them then use the total as te "equal" force between them.

What happens to that (2)'s 1N of force?

 

[Simon Bridge]

(2) would experience 10N and (1) will too.
But in this case where the forces are not equally the same initially (1) has a stronger force than (2), shouldn't I add the forces?

That will never happen. The forces will always be the same. There is no "initial" inequality.

You are confusing the strength of the magnet with the force of the magnet.

The force between two magnets of different strength is proportional to the product of their strengths and inversely to the square of their separation (its a bit more complicated because magnets have two poles and electromagnets have a magnetic field inside them - see that link I gave you above).

So the force between a magnet of strength 1 unit and another of strength 10units will be 10x the force between two 1unit magnets with the same separation.

 

[Phztastic]

That will never happen. The forces will always be the same. There is no "initial" inequality.

You are confusing the strength of the magnet with the force of the magnet.

The force between two magnets of different strength is proportional to the product of their strengths and inversely to the square of their separation (its a bit more complicated because magnets have two poles and electromagnets have a magnetic field inside them - see that link I gave you above).

So the force between a magnet of strength 1 unit and another of strength 10units will be 10x the force between two 1unit magnets with the same separation.

I assume your using F = m(1)m(2)/r^2 (I think I'm missing a constant)?


My misconception about forces in magnetism is, if you had two magnets/electromagnets with each one rated different forces. I should add them up... I think I was wrong here.

Like the example above, I thought I should add 1N + 10N = 11N of force that is equally applied on both of um.
What I ment with "Initial inequality" is just that you would have different strengths what should I due with the values that are rated in N/Kg/Pounds etc... Should I multiply them? ex 1NX10N or should I add them up?
Or just take the largest force in this case that's 10N and assume that's the force.

I didn't really know how to calculate this properly...

 

[Simon Bridge]

I assume your using F = m(1)m(2)/r^2 (I think I'm missing a constant)?

Yes, there should be a constant there.

My misconception about forces in magnetism is, if you had two magnets/electromagnets with each one rated different forces. I should add them up... I think I was wrong here.

Where have you seen magnets with rated forces?

A rating in Newtons for a magnet is useless without knowing how the force was measured and under what circumstances.

 

[Phztastic]

Where have you seen magnets with rated forces?

A rating in Newtons for a magnet is useless without knowing how the force was measured and under what circumstances.

You're right.
Because I looked at most sites that sell magnet's they have a rated "pull force" or "lift force".
That force is not a constant, it changes are their are circumstances that are different that what they the manufacture have tested.

But I'd have to figure out the force(N) of each magnet/electromagnet, how do I deal with the forces in attract/repulsion? If I have a set a values for example:

Attraction:
Magnet = 10N
Electromagnet = 100N

Repulsion
Same as above.

 

[Simon Bridge]

You keep telling me I'm right and you've got what I am saying and then proceed to totally ignore what I've told you!

You will never have magnets which have a meaningful rating in Newtons or any other unit of force.
Your question has no meaning.

Magnet strength is rated in units of Gauss at the poles - or by some method related to the Gauss rating by a formula.

Please provide a link to a site which gives a rated force in Newtons for it's magnets.

 

[russ_watters]

Magnet with "1 lb magnetic force" at Lowes:
http://www.lowes.com/pd_191458-37672-542009_4294925673__?productId=3363256&Ns=p_product_qty_sales_dollar|1&pl=1&currentURL=%3FNs%3Dp_product_qty_sales_dollar%7C1&facetInfo=

So this would presumably be rated based on the typical force when in contact with a ferrous metal. So the OP wants to know if there is any way to translate that into the force when two similar magnets with opposite polarities are attached. Is it double? I don't know.

 

[Simon Bridge]

this would presumably be rated based on the typical force when in contact with a ferrous metal

Presumably ... I wanted to get OP to find out what a particular website means.

You can't even use it to compare with another manufacturers rating because they each use a different "standard" lump of metal. The area of the contact surface is important for instance, as well as the volume.

For the example - if we are lucky, that 1lb of force is what pulls the deeper from the end.
It probably just lifts a 1lb weight in some test they did. Without knowing the test, there is no way to translate this into the force between two magnets or even with other substances.

 

[Phztastic]

Magnet with "1 lb magnetic force" at Lowes:
http://www.lowes.com/pd_191458-37672-542009_4294925673__?productId=3363256&Ns=p_product_qty_sales_dollar|1&pl=1&currentURL=%3FNs%3Dp_product_qty_sales_dollar%7C1&facetInfo=

So this would presumably be rated based on the typical force when in contact with a ferrous metal. So the OP wants to know if there is any way to translate that into the force when two similar magnets with opposite polarities are attached. Is it double? I don't know.

Thank you for pointing that out!

 

[Simon Bridge]

People buying magnets like russ_watters' example, tend to be interested in how well it will stick to something rather than something more generic. The rating gives them a feeling about what it does. You could stick it to your fridge and hand up to 1lb off it or pick up a 1lb iron weight. Does not actually help you with the forces. An iron nail stuck to the end would take less than 1lb of force to remove it for eg.

If the actual force is important to you - then you'd want to ask the vendor for more information or find another vendor.

 

[Phztastic]

You keep telling me I'm right and you've got what I am saying and then proceed to totally ignore what I've told you!

You will never have magnets which have a meaningful rating in Newtons or any other unit of force.
Your question has no meaning.

Magnet strength is rated in units of Gauss at the poles - or by some method related to the Gauss rating by a formula.

Please provide a link to a site which gives a rated force in Newtons for it's magnets.

Ow I'm sorry.
I don't understand why "Newtons" can't be used to measure the force of each pole?
Some magnet could possibly have similar or close "Gauss" ratings. I noticed while looking for multiple products throughout dozens and dozen of manufactures...

Presumably ... I wanted to get OP to find out what a particular website means.

You can't even use it to compare with another manufacturers rating because they each use a different "standard" lump of metal. The area of the contact surface is important for instance, as well as the volume.

For the example - if we are lucky, that 1lb of force is what pulls the deeper from the end.
It probably just lifts a 1lb weight in some test they did. Without knowing the test, there is no way to translate this into the force between two magnets or even with other substances.

True, some manufactures would have different values I would agree.
That due to their test and some calculation are wrong because they did the test wrong.
And I noticed some of them have weird numbers for the "Gauss" of each pole. So I tend to avoid using it.


I avoid using the "Gauss" unit because I really don't know how to deal with it. "N" is really easier...
But please do tell me the exact steps to figure this out I'm not really sure where to start.
magnetic interaction has the least information to find! No examples at all, maybe it due to the complexity of it? Or due to it being the least popular field.

 

[Phztastic]

km(1)m(2)/r^2 will not work always because some causes you would have the distance = 0.
Say you'd have an electromagnet and a magnet separated by a gap of 0.
And the electromagnet is set to repel the magnet, so this formula is not fit.

Do you think there is another formula, or is it possibile to build a formula based off tests of the systems?

 

[Simon Bridge]

Ow I'm sorry.
I don't understand why "Newtons" can't be used to measure the force of each pole?

You can - but you have to say what gives rise to the force. The force rating by itself is useless.

The website in russ_watters example must be using the force it takes to remve the magnet from some standard lump of metal. Without knowing the details about the metal we cannot know how this force-rating translates into other situations.

You could guess that the force is the maximum that the magnet will exert against an ideally sized lump of iron in contact with the poles and then look up the formula for how magnets attract iron to get the field strength. From there you can get the force between the two magnets. But it would be a guess.

km(1)m(2)/r^2 will not work always because some causes you would have the distance = 0.

Yes - that formula only works for electromagnets which are some distance apart. The link I gave you, which includes that formula, also tell you how to deal with situations where the magnets are close together.

 

[Phztastic]

You can - but you have to say what gives rise to the force. The force rating by itself is useless.

The website in russ_watters example must be using the force it takes to remve the magnet from some standard lump of metal. Without knowing the details about the metal we cannot know how this force-rating translates into other situations.

The force is due to a magnet interacting with another magnet or electromagnet or other metals effected by magnetsim. You right, having the force of one magnet is pointless, the force is between to interacting magnetic items.

You could guess that the force is the maximum that the magnet will exert against an ideally sized lump of iron in contact with the poles and then look up the formula for how magnets attract iron to get the field strength. From there you can get the force between the two magnets. But it would be a guess.

I lost you here.

Yes - that formula only works for electromagnets which are some distance apart. The link I gave you, which includes that formula, also tell you how to deal with situations where the magnets are close together.

I'll give it a look and see.

 

[Wiz700]

Greetings Phztastic!

I'm doing multiple experiments in the field of magnetsim! So I hope my experiences could possibly shed light and answer some of your curious questions :)

I want to let you know about "Pull force" that is rated from the manufactures.
I myself, have bought some magnet that are rated with a "Pull force" of 20lb(i.e 89N), I assumed that is the maximum force of pull/push my magnet could achieve. I still believe so.

I believe the magnetic force depends on so many factors I'll share to you my vairables from multiple experiments:
1 - Distance(i.e the gap) between the magnetic object(e.g magnet/magnet, electromagnet/electromagnet, magnet/electromagnet).
2 - Surface Area of contact between two.
3 - The amount of material of the magnetic object(in case of a magnet) and the amount of turns/current(in case of an electromagnet).

The magnetic force my dear friend is not that easy to figure out! It depends on the set-up, I believe it depends on much more complicated things, however, these are the things I noticed during my experiments.

You might find it difficult to apply Newtons 3rd law. But it really is quite simply :)
Imagine the case of BOTH magnetic forces:

1)Attraction:-

Magnetic object (1) attracts Magnetic object(2) Action = Magnetic object (1) Is too attracted to Magnetic object(2) Reaction.

Magnetic object (2) attracts Magnetic object(1) Action = Magnetic object (2) Is too attracted to Magnetic object(1) Reaction.

2) Repulsion:-

Magnetic object (1) repels Magnetic object(2) Action = Magnetic object (1) Is too repelled by Magnetic object(2) Reaction.

Magnetic object (2) repels Magnetic object(1) Action = Magnetic object (2) Is too repelled by Magnetic object(1) Reaction.

Imagine a rocket.
It applies a force on the ground, the same equal force is applied on the rocket :)

Wish the best of luck,
Hope this helped.

 

[Simon Bridge]

Imagine a rocket.
It applies a force on the ground, the same equal force is applied on the rocket :)

Just to be clear about this... the rocket moves by conservation of momentum. The rocket engine accelerates the fuel out the back, and the rocket experiences the same force forward.

It is true that the exhaust can affect the ground - but the force on the ground is not normally the same as the force accelerating the rocket. Stuff like air gets in the way. Certainly, pushing on the ground or the air is not how rockets work.

What did you mean by one of the magnets being "too attracted" or "too repelled"?
Both magnets are attracted or repelled by the same force aren't they?

 

[Wiz700]

Just to be clear about this... the rocket moves by conservation of momentum. The rocket engine accelerates the fuel out the back, and the rocket experiences the same force forward.

It is true that the exhaust can affect the ground - but the force on the ground is not normally the same as the force accelerating the rocket. Stuff like air gets in the way. Certainly, pushing on the ground or the air is not how rockets work.

What did you mean by one of the magnets being "too attracted" or "too repelled"?
Both magnets are attracted or repelled by the same force aren't they?

Hey Simon :)
Thanks for going to detail on my example of the rocket! I couldn't really put that all into place :P

Yes yes! They are all attracted by the same force.
But the common misconception of Newton's 3rd law is when two objects of the same mass "attract" each other.
Imagine it as object (Z) and object(A)
Now, Z attract's A thus it moves towards Z. But! Z too is attracted to A.
Also, A attract's Z thus it moves towards A. But A too is attracted to Z thus it also moves towards it!

Hope that made sense?
Just wanted to remind Phztastic that as two magnets attract each other, They themselves are aslo attracted :)

 

[Wiz700]

"too attracted" or "too repelled"?

Should change "too" to "also" or "as well".
Improper USE OF WORDS! My bad :(

Wiz!

 

[Simon Bridge]

No worries - it's a foible in English I guess.
"too" can be used as "also" as well as "over much".
Depends on the positioning in the sentence.

Sometimes I can be a bit over-concerned about common misconceptions.
Good on yer mate.

 

[Wiz700]

Phew!
Nice to know there is nothing wrong my post.
I felt that I said something that was wrong lol. But I guess I'm cleared!

Cheers Simon and Phztastic!

 

[Phztastic]

Thanks for sharing all that Wiz.

I wanted to know one thing though... What exactly is the cause of the magnet force?
I look at it in this way:
Aliened electron spins -> Magnetic fields -> N/S poles

(->) = creates.

So I assume its from the origin of all of this the electron spins?

 

[Wiz700]

So I assume its from the origin of all of this the electron spins?

Yes! You've assumed correctly dear Champ!
The force is all based of those electrons spins, those spins act like small tiny magnets. I understand the more of theses "tiny" magnets the more mass = a stronger field and higher magnetic forces.

Yet I can't explain how the "type" of magnets would contribute to the answer.
I have not yet got the whole idea right yet!

If you want to dig deeper you should consider QM :)

 

[Wiz700]

I used tiny "magnets" yet the popular term is small tiny loops :P
but I like to make it simpler to imagine it :)

 

[Phztastic]

Thank you all.
I'll have to study a bit more I guess...

 

[Phztastic]

But I wonder...
In a general came of two charges you have Coulombs law to measure the force between them...
But with permanent magnets their's nothing?
Or even a magnet/electromagnet set up.

@Simon Bridge I looked at the link you shared couldn't find what I needed...

 

[Phztastic]

Another problem about:
F = km1m2/r^2

Is that there is a distance between m1 and m2.
But as the distance decreases in case of attraction the force increases.
Same with repulsion, as the distance decreases between them the force increases.
Another problem to face.

 

[Simon Bridge]

Yep - that's an approximation for long distances like the webpage says.

 

[Wiz700]

You keep telling me I'm right and you've got what I am saying and then proceed to totally ignore what I've told you!

You will never have magnets which have a meaningful rating in Newtons or any other unit of force.
Your question has no meaning.

Magnet strength is rated in units of Gauss at the poles - or by some method related to the Gauss rating by a formula.

Please provide a link to a site which gives a rated force in Newtons for it's magnets.

Well you're right.
Gauss is the proper and best unit of measurement for this.
But I think, treating the force in "N" is a good way to guess as you said, to know how much force this magnet's pole is capable of applying.
Keep in mind Phztastic, that each magnet's pole has a certain amount of FORCE it can apply. Of course the two poles of magnet(1) is equally the same. Meaning(Using N to make you understand) if a North pole has an ability to "pull/push" with a force of 100N the same is said about the S pole.
Don't relie on "N" in your calculations, if you want to get a grasp of the amount of "FORCE" you have with that pole sure or even in the system, that's fine. But its not 100% accurate.

Remember, in a electromagnet-magnet interaction its not the same as two permanent magnets.
Having two magnet = the same force always being apply on each other with no change.
If you have an electromagnet it can "change" the amount of force it applies on the magnet by changing the flow of current(I), but the magnet's force stays the same.
The magnet's force ALWAYS stay's the same in a setup(If nothing effect's its field or anything else).

Example:
Electromagnet & Magnet system:
Magnet's N pole applies a force of 1N
Electromagnet's power source = 5V-12V, the S pole force = 1-15N
If you change the flow of current(I) of the electromagnet the force from that flow changes, however, the force of the magnet will always stay the same at 1N it can't increase/decrease at this system.

This is all based of my observations and experiments
Let me know if you have questions, and PLEASE correct me if I'm wrong here.

 

[Phztastic]

Thank you all!
I think I've got what I need.

 

[Phztastic]

It even make more sense!
When I think of an electric-motor. A motor would not work without Newton's 3rd law.
Nothing in fact would work without Newton's 3rd law!

 

[Wiz700]

OF COURSE! Good example btw. A motor is a prefect illustration!
Newton's 3rd law is a description of a natural phenomena.
That occurs every second of our daily lives :)

 

[Phztastic]

I used F = km1m2 / r^2
The results are not realistic!

I assumed that m1 and m2 are two poles rated in Gauss.
K = 8.99x10^9 ( I could only find this.)
And r = 0.01 (Wanted to see the results close to zero.)

The number was 8 figure+!
Use any example. Let m1 = 100G and m2
Let the distance = 0.01 and see it for yourselves.

 

[Phztastic]

Even by converting G = Tesla would still make no sense...

 

[Phztastic]

One top of that! There is not one example! Of calculating the force between two poles anywhere!
A example that helps that is...

 

[Phztastic]

Unless I'm calculating it wrong?

I used simple values M1 = 100Gauss M2 = 100Gauss r =0.01M
K = 8.99x10^9

F = K M1M2/ r^2

So I substituted all the values and figured out the force was a huge number!
Are you all sure this formula is the one I should use? Or is there another one?

 

[Simon Bridge]

Unless I'm calculating it wrong?

I used simple values M1 = 100Gauss M2 = 100Gauss r =0.01M
K = 8.99x10^9

If you are using the equation for the force between two electromagnets given in the reference I supplied earlier, then this value appears to be about 16 orders of magnitude too big - you need to check the units. Note also: "Gauss" is not the unit for magnetic pole strength used in that reference.

The correct values and units for use with the equation are given in the reference.

Here is that reference again:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet#Force_between_electromagnets

For the general case, you will be interested in:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_between_magnets

If you do not read the references, I cannot help you.

 

[Phztastic]

If you are using the equation for the force between two electromagnets given in the reference I supplied earlier, then this value appears to be about 16 orders of magnitude too big - you need to check the units. Note also: "Gauss" is not the unit for magnetic pole strength used in that reference.

The correct values and units for use with the equation are given in the reference.

Here is that reference again:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet#Force_between_electromagnets

For the general case, you will be interested in:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_between_magnets

If you do not read the references, I cannot help you.

The first link is not working.
Im guessing its a link to "electromagnets" in wikipedia? I'm reading it.