Where does the proton come from in a Cyclotron?

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    Cyclotron Proton
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Protons in a cyclotron originate from the ionization of hydrogen atoms, which can occur in various ionization chambers. The ionization process is not directly caused by the magnetic coil or the "Dees" oscillator, but rather involves an electric field that accelerates the protons into the cyclotron. Different sources can be used to generate protons before they are injected into the cyclotron's ring. The discussion clarifies that the ionization and acceleration processes are distinct from the magnetic components of the cyclotron. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending how cyclotrons function.
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Where does the proton come from in a Cyclotron?

 
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Ionization of hydrogen.
 
Or, neither. It's injected into the ring by acceleration through an electric field after being generated in a proton "source" which can be anyone of a variety of ionization chambers.
 
(a) The polarisation pattern is elliptical with maximum (1,1) and minimum (-1,-1), and anticlockwise in direction. (b) I know the solution is a quarter-wave plate oriented π/4, and half-wave plate at π/16, but don't understand how to reach there. I've obtained the polarisation vector (cos π/8, isin π/8) so far. I can't find much online guidance or textbook material working through this topic, so I'd appreciate any help I can get. Also, if anyone could let me know where I can get more...

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