Despite high vaccination coverage
and low incidence rates of most vaccinepreventable
diseases,3,4 anecdotal reports
from state policy makers and clinicians
suggest that the US vaccine
financing system is under increasing
strain. Childhood vaccines in the United
States are financed by a patchwork of
public and private sources.5 Children
who are privately insured often have insurance
coverage for vaccines (BOX).
However, some children are enrolled in
private health insurance plans that do
not cover the cost of vaccines and they
are considered underinsured for immunization.
In 2000, it was estimated
that 14% of children aged 0 to 17 years
were underinsured in the United States,
requiring families to either pay out-ofpocket
for the cost of vaccines not covered
or forgo receiving vaccines.
Among clinical preventive services,
childhood immunization has been
ranked at the top in terms of health impact
and cost-effectiveness by the National
Commission of Prevention Priorities.
15 Despite the benefits of
childhood vaccination and the high coverage
rates achieved with older childhood
vaccines,3 our study demonstrated
gaps in the financing of new
vaccines for children who are underinsured
with respect to vaccination. Assuming
14% of children are underinsured
in the United States, we estimate
that 2.3 million children are unable to
receive state-purchased meningococcal
conjugate vaccine in the private sector,
and 1.2 million children are unable
to receive this vaccine even if they
are referred to the public sector. Due
to lack of funds to purchase newer vaccines
for children who are not VFC eligible,
many states have adopted more
restrictive policies for provision of publicly
purchased vaccines since 2004.
The lack of sufficient section 317 funding
and state funding for vaccine purchase
has led some states to provide vaccine
to VFC-eligible children but not
to underinsured children. Disparities
among states are worse for the most expensive
and newest vaccines, including
pneumococcal conjugate, meningococcal
conjugate, and hepatitis A
vaccines.
The public sector safety net for offering
vaccine to underinsured children
seems to be under considerable
strain. Past studies have suggested that
many private clinicians refer underinsured
children to public health clinics
for vaccination.16,17 Unfortunately, a
growing number of states are no longer
able to provide expensive vaccines, such
as the meningococcal conjugate vaccine,
to underinsured children in the
public sector. Furthermore, the proportion
of vulnerable US children
whose insurance plans either do not
cover vaccines or require families to pay
out-of-pocket for preventive care is
likely to grow. A recent article by the
American Academy of Pediatrics found
that 20% of employers are offering catastrophic
health insurance plans (highdeductible
health plans), up from only
5% in 2003, and only 30% of these plans
covered preventive care before the deductible
was met.18,19 These trends are
of concern because inadequate insurance
coverage has been associated with
forgone health care among families who
lack resources.20