Why are the legs needed in a penguin diagram?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the necessity of legs in penguin diagrams, particularly focusing on the role of additional particles in the context of quark transitions such as b->s or s->d. Participants explore theoretical implications, conservation laws, and the mathematical formulation of these diagrams.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the need for a gluon vertex in penguin diagrams, suggesting that a simpler diagram with just a quark transition might suffice.
  • Another participant argues that without additional particles, energy conservation would be violated, implying that extra particles are necessary for momentum and energy balance.
  • A participant expresses an intuitive understanding of the concept without formalization, indicating a subjective grasp of the topic.
  • It is suggested that a b->s transition without additional particles indicates a misalignment in the theoretical framework, hinting at the need for re-diagonalization.
  • One participant asserts that omitting the additional photon or gluon from the loop integral results in a vanishing outcome, emphasizing the mathematical necessity of these elements.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

The discussion reveals multiple competing views regarding the necessity of additional particles in penguin diagrams. There is no consensus on the simplest form of the diagram or the implications of omitting certain elements.

Contextual Notes

Participants express varying levels of formal understanding, with some relying on intuitive reasoning while others reference mathematical formulations. The discussion does not resolve the implications of energy conservation in relation to the diagram's structure.

guimauve
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In the penguin diagrams you have a loop that allows the quark to change into another quark of the same charge such as b->s or s->d. I understand why the loop with the quark and W are needed to get you from b->s or s->d but why (in the example of the attached picture) do you need the gluon vertex to make the additional particle/anti-particle pair? Why can't the diagram just be a "b" coming in, an intermediate loop with a W and a u,c,t quark, and then an "s" going out? Why does there need to be an additional vertex in the loop where a gluon, photon or Z branches off?
 

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If you only had b->s, or s->d, where would the extra energy go?
For momentum and energy conservation you need another particle to be involved.
 
I have never formalised it, for me it's just intuitive. :wink:
 
If you have a b->s transition with no additional particles coming out, that means you have the wrong basis and can re-diagonalize so this doesn't occur.
 
rephrasing JustinLevy's response in more brute-force terms: if you go ahead and write down that loop integral without the additional photon or gluon, it vanishes - go ahead and try it.
 

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