Why can I express Fourier coefficients as an = An*sin() and bn = An*cos()?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the representation of Fourier coefficients in the form of \( a_n = A_n \sin(\phi_n) \) and \( b_n = A_n \cos(\phi_n) \). Participants explore the reasoning behind this notation and its implications in transitioning between different forms of Fourier series, including the use of trigonometric identities and Euler's formula.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the validity of expressing \( a_n \) and \( b_n \) in terms of sine and cosine, suggesting it seems arbitrary without further justification.
  • Another participant proposes substituting one equation into another as a method to understand the relationship between the coefficients.
  • A participant expresses confusion about the specific forms \( \cos(\phi) = \frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}} \) and \( \sin(\phi) = -\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}} \), seeking clarity on why these expressions are valid and whether they are arbitrary.
  • One participant notes that the expressions for \( A_n \cos(\phi_n) \) can be simplified to \( a_n \), suggesting that the dependency on the index \( n \) allows for this simplification.
  • Another participant mentions the necessity of defining a right triangle to understand the relationship between the sides \( a \) and \( b \) and the angle \( \phi \).

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express varying levels of understanding regarding the notation and its derivation. There is no consensus on the justification for the specific forms of \( \cos(\phi) \) and \( \sin(\phi) \), and the discussion remains unresolved on this point.

Contextual Notes

Participants highlight the importance of trigonometric identities and the role of Euler's formula in transitioning between different forms of Fourier series, but the discussion does not resolve the underlying assumptions or properties that allow for the specific expressions used.

RaduAndrei
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Consider the following article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_series

At definition, they say that an = An*sin() and bn = An*cos()

So with these notations you can go from a sum having sin and cos to a sum having only sin but with initial phases.

Why can I write an = An*sin() and bn = An*cos() ?
It seems out of the blue.
 
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Substitute the 2nd equation to the first equation.
 
I know that by substitution we get from one form to another.
But my question is why I can write cos(phi) = a/sqrt(a^2+b^2) and sin(phi) = -b/sqrt(a^2+b^2) ?
I see that by taking cos(phi)^2 + sin(phi)^2 I get 1, so is good.

But why I can write cos(phi) like that? Writing cos(phi) like that, then from cos(phi)^2 + sin(phi)^2 = 1, I get sin(phi). But why I can write cos(phi) in the first place like that?

It is just arbitrary? If I write cos(phi) = a, then I find sin(phi)...then, ok. Is fine.I can see that. But writing as a/sqrt(a^2+b^2), it does not seem so straight-forward. Maybe there is a property that for any two numbers a,b then I can write cos(phi) in that way. I do not know.Going from the trigonometric Fourier sum to the exponential form, we use Euler's formula to write cos() = 1/2(e^+e^) and sin too. So I have Euler's formula here.
 
Last edited:
Expression like ##A_n \cos \phi_n## only depends on the index ##n##, so there is no harm in writing them in a more simple way such as ##a_n##.
RaduAndrei said:
Maybe there is a property that for any two numbers a,b then I can write cos(phi) in that way.
If you want to picture it that way, you first have to draw a right triangle and define which sides ##a## and ##b## correspond to, and which angle ##\phi## corresponds to.
 
Aa, ok. Now makes sense. Thanks.
 

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