# Insights Why Do People Say That 1 and .999 Are Equal? - Comments

#### HallsofIvy

While there are several arguments here that people might accept as proofs, they all, as stated, are non-rigorous, involving some basic, unstated assumptions. For example, in argument two, it is assumed that multiplying x= 0.999... by 10 gives 10x= 9.999... and then that subtracting x give 9x= 0.999... again. Both of those assume the usual arithmetic properties are true for 0.999... That is true but exactly the sort of thing people who object to "0.999...= 1" would object to anyway. In argument four, it is accepted that 0.333...= 1/3. Why would a person who objects to "0.999...= 1" accept that?

It is not too difficult to give a rigorous proof using "geometric series". It is easily shown that the sum $\sum_{i= 0}^n ar^i$ is $$\frac{a(1- r^n}{1- r}$$. To do that, let $S_n= \sum_{i= 0}^n ar^i= a+ ar+ ar^2+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ ar^n)$. Since that is a finite sum, the usual properties of arithmetic hold and we can write $S_n- a= ar+ ar^2+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ ar^n= r(a+ ar+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ ar^{n-1})$. The quantity in the last parentheses is almost $S_n$ itself. It is only missing the last term, $ar^n$. Restore that by adding $ar^{n+1}$ to both sides: $S_n- a+ ar^n= r(a+ ar+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ ar^{n-1})+ ar^{n+ 1}$. Taking that last term inside the parentheses we have $S_n- a+ ar^n= r(a+ ar+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ ar^{n-1}+ ar^n)= rS_n$. We can write that as $rS_n- S_n= (r- 1)S)_n= ar^n- a= a(r^n- 1)$ and dividing both sides by r- 1, $S_n= \frac{a(r^n- 1)}{r- 1}$ which, for r< 1 can be written more as $S_n= \frac{a(1- r^n)}{1- r}$

The geometric series, $\sum_{i= 0}^\infty ar^i$, is, by definition, the limit of the "partial sums", $S_n= \sum_{i= 0}^n ar^i$, as n goes to infinity. As long as $|r|< 1$, $\lim_{n\to\infty} r^n= 0$ so that limit is easily calculated as $\sum_{i= 0}^\infty ar^i= \frac{a}{1- r}$.

Now, turning to the problem at hand. 0.999... is, by definition of the decimal numeration system, $0.9+ 0.09+ 0.009+ \cdot\cdot\cdot= 0.9+ 0.9(0.1)+ 0.9(0.01)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot= 0.9+ 0.9(.1)+ 0.9(.1^2)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot$, precisely a geometric series with a= 0.9 and r= 0.1. So the sum, and the value of 0.9999..., is $\frac{0.9}{1- 0.1}= \frac{0.9}{0.9}= 1$.

#### Algr

Proofs #2 & #3 are what convinced me that 1 and .999... are NOT equal. It's just insulting to assume that .333... = 1/3 in this context. And why assume that .999... and 9.999... have different numbers of nines when this would never happen for any finite number?

Gold Member
I alread covered this in blog a while ago, though it's in spanish: https://preguntaspococientificas.wordpress.com

#### FactChecker

Gold Member
2018 Award
If they are different, how different are they? Suppose you say that they are different by more than 0.0001. Then 1 - 0.99999 is closer and the more 9's you add, the closer it gets. So you can not say there is any difference.

#### SlowThinker

If they are different, how different are they? Suppose you say that they are different by more than 0.0001. Then 1 - 0.99999 is closer and the more 9's you add, the closer it gets. So you can not say there is any difference.
I'm not an expert on these things, but you can easily tell that a proof is wrong when it proves 0.9999...=1 on surreal numbers. Which most of the above do.
I'm not entirely sure about HallsofIvy's proof, it might be OK, even if I think it's swapping $\infty$ with $\omega$ somewhere along the way.

#### FactChecker

Gold Member
2018 Award
I'm not an expert on these things, but you can easily tell that a proof is wrong when it proves 0.9999...=1 on surreal numbers. Which most of the above do.
I'm not entirely sure about HallsofIvy's proof, it might be OK, even if I think it's swapping $\infty$ with $\omega$ somewhere along the way.
You can easily prove it by contradiction, as I indicated. Once that is done, you know that they are equal. Then I would to be careful about saying that other proofs are wrong unless I completely understood the other proofs and can pinpoint the error.

#### Mark44

Mentor
Proofs #2 & #3 are what convinced me that 1 and .999... are NOT equal. It's just insulting to assume that .333... = 1/3 in this context.
How is this assumption insulting. Just by ordinary division you can show that the 3 digit keeps repeating.
Algr said:
And why assume that .999... and 9.999... have different numbers of nines when this would never happen for any finite number?
To the right of the decimal point, both have the same number of 9 digits. Also I don't understand what you are saying about "finite numbers". Both .999... and 9.999... are finite numbers; i.e., strictly less than infinity.
I'm not an expert on these things, but you can easily tell that a proof is wrong when it proves 0.9999...=1 on surreal numbers. Which most of the above do.
I did a quick scan of all of the proofs. None of them mentioned surreal numbers. If you can point out where I might have missed this, I would appreciate it.
SlowThinker said:
I'm not entirely sure about HallsofIvy's proof, it might be OK, even if I think it's swapping $\infty$ with $\omega$ somewhere along the way.

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#### SlowThinker

I did a quick scan of all of the proofs. None of them mentioned surreal numbers. If you can point out where I might have missed this, I would appreciate it.
My idea was: if the proof, applied over surreal numbers, proves that 0.9999...=1, then the proof is not correct. There must be some implicit assumption.
Now, turning to the problem at hand. 0.999... is, by definition of the decimal numeration system, $0.9+ 0.09+ 0.009+ \cdot\cdot\cdot$ = $0.9+ 0.9(0.1)+ 0.9(0.01)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot$ = $0.9+ 0.9(.1)+ 0.9(.1^2)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot$, precisely a geometric series with a= 0.9 and r= 0.1. So the sum, and the value of 0.9999..., is $\frac{0.9}{1- 0.1}= \frac{0.9}{0.9}= 1$.
I would say that, by definition of the decimal numeration system, 0.9999...=$\sum_{n=1}^\omega{}9\ 0.1^n$ rather than $\sum_{n=1}^\infty{}9\ 0.1^n$. The difference is, obviously, 0 in real numbers.

#### Mark44

Mentor
I did a quick scan of all of the proofs. None of them mentioned surreal numbers. If you can point out where I might have missed this, I would appreciate it.
SlowThinker said:
My idea was: if the proof, applied over surreal numbers, proves that 0.9999...=1, then the proof is not correct. There must be some implicit assumption.
Why would the proof need to invoke surreal numbers? The proofs are all concerned with two representations of the same real number.
Now, turning to the problem at hand. 0.999... is, by definition of the decimal numeration system, $0.9+ 0.09+ 0.009+ \cdot\cdot\cdot$ = $0.9+ 0.9(0.1)+ 0.9(0.01)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot$ = $0.9+ 0.9(.1)+ 0.9(.1^2)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot$, precisely a geometric series with a= 0.9 and r= 0.1. So the sum, and the value of 0.9999..., is $\frac{0.9}{1- 0.1}= \frac{0.9}{0.9}= 1$.
SlowThinker said:
I would say that, by definition of the decimal numeration system, 0.9999...=$\sum_{n=1}^\omega{}9\ 0.1^n$ rather than $\sum_{n=1}^\infty{}9\ 0.1^n$. The difference is, obviously, 0 in real numbers.
And that's the set we're concerned with here.

#### SlowThinker

Why would the proof need to invoke surreal numbers? The proofs are all concerned with two representations of the same real number.
If the proof can be used to prove a false statement, then the proof must be wrong.
0.9999...$\neq$1 in surreal numbers, so if the proof works with them too, then it's wrong.
I dare say that all of the "informal proofs" from the article immediately work with surreal numbers, so they must be wrong.

This quote from the original article,
Can we define number systems such that 1=0.999… does not hold? Of course!
seems to be the answer that people are looking for, together with "Real numbers are defined in such a way that 0.999...=1".

#### Ernest S Walton

So does this mean that .99999..... = .99999...8 ?

#### pwsnafu

So does this mean that .99999..... = .99999...8 ?
No, because the right hand side is nonsense. You can't have a non-terminating run of nines and then terminate it.

#### Ernest S Walton

No, because the right hand side is nonsense. You can't have a non-terminating run of nines and then terminate it.
Okay... but it seems like to make .999 = 1 you also have to terminate the run of nines. Anyway I know this has been discussed several times so I'll read up some more.

#### Mark44

Mentor
So does this mean that .99999..... = .99999...8 ?
As already mentioned, the right side is meaningless for two reasons. On the left side the ellipsis (...) means that the pattern you see repeats endlessly. On the right side, it is not known how many 9s there are in front of the final 8 digit.

Okay... but it seems like to make .999 = 1 you also have to terminate the run of nines.
Don't confuse .999 with .999... They mean two very different things. The first is identical to 999/1000 which is smaller than 1, and the second is equal to 1.
Ernest S Walton said:
Anyway I know this has been discussed several times so I'll read up some more.

#### Nemika

Proofs #2 & #3 are what convinced me that 1 and .999... are NOT equal. It's just insulting to assume that .333... = 1/3 in this context.
How is this assumption insulting. Just by ordinary division you can show that the 3 digit keeps repeating.
Algr said:
And why assume that .999... and 9.999... have different numbers of nines when this would never happen for any finite number?
To the right of the decimal point, both have the same number of 9 digits. Also I don't understand what you are saying about "finite numbers". Both .999... and 9.999... are finite numbers; i.e., strictly less than infinity.
I'm not an expert on these things, but you can easily tell that a proof is wrong when it proves 0.9999...=1 on surreal numbers. Which most of the above do.
I did a quick scan of all of the proofs. None of them mentioned surreal numbers. If you can point out where I might have missed this, I would appreciate it.
SlowThinker said:
I'm not entirely sure about HallsofIvy's proof, it might be OK, even if I think it's swapping $infty$ with $omega$ somewhere along the way.
*Both .999… and 9.999… are finite numbers; i.e., strictly less than infinity.*

How can you call 0.999...... or 9.999...... as finite?
If these are finite then infinity can also be considered finite!

#### WWGD

Gold Member
*Both .999… and 9.999… are finite numbers; i.e., strictly less than infinity.*

How can you call 0.999...... or 9.999...... as finite?
If these are finite then infinity can also be considered finite!
Please look up the definition of a finite number. There is a difference between an infinite _decimal expansion_ and an infinite number.

#### Mark44

Mentor
*Both .999… and 9.999… are finite numbers; i.e., strictly less than infinity.*

How can you call 0.999...... or 9.999...... as finite?
If these are finite then infinity can also be considered finite!
Please look up the definition of a finite number. There is a difference between an infinite _decimal expansion_ and an infinite number.
WWGD is correct. Finite numbers are bounded; infinite numbers are unbounded.

#### mathexam

They are clearly different but if you're approximating, they're almost equal.

#### Mark44

Mentor
They are clearly different but if you're approximating, they're almost equal.
Who are "they"? Are you referring to .999 and .999... ?

Clearly these two numbers are close, but that's not the point. What we're saying is that .999... is identically equal to 1, and .999 is smaller than 1 by .001.

#### Isaac0427

Gold Member
I have no way to say this is true for sure, but it appears to me as though proof #3 is based off an incorrect assumption. Wouldn't the difference between .999... and 1 be infinitesimal, not 0. Isn't this one of the reasons we have the concept of infinity, and in this case an infinitesimal value. If something infinitesimal is just considered 0, wouldn't a Riemann sum not mater at all, and just be equal to zero? Wouldn't that make anything using dx, dy, etc. represent a change of zero, as they are defined as an infinitesimaly small change in their respective variable? This is just my thinking, I am not being ignorent, I just want to understand.

#### SlowThinker

Wouldn't the difference between .999... and 1 be infinitesimal, not 0.
something infinitesimal is just considered 0
Both are true. The important part is that real numbers are not precise enough to distinguish an infinitesimal difference - which is, in fact, the reason why we can use infinitesimals to integrate and derive expressions containing real numbers.

I would think this whole theme is answered by:
The definition of real numbers says that $$0.999..._{\text{as real number}} \ =_{\text{acting on real numbers}} \ 1_{\text{as real number}}$$
If you don't like it, use other numbers.

I think equivalence is more intuitive if you simply state that the limit of 0.999... as we keep adding more decimal places is 1. I think this is also a closer translation of the mathematical statement into plain english.

#### Isaac0427

Gold Member
I think equivalence is more intuitive if you simply state that the limit of 0.999... as we keep adding more decimal places is 1. I think this is also a closer translation of the mathematical statement into plain english.
I think that is exactly my point. If we call limits being equal to, in the equation for derivatives, lim Δx→0 (f(x+Δx)-f(x))/Δx (I know I may not have written it right), the answer would be undefined.

"Why Do People Say That 1 and .999 Are Equal? - Comments"

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